different between plaque vs calculus

English

Etymology

Borrowed from French plaque (“plate, sheet (of metal); slab (of marble); bacteria on teeth”), from French plaquer, Middle French plaquer (“to plate”), from Middle Dutch placken (“to patch, beat metal into a thin plate”), from placke (“disk, patch, stain”), from Old Dutch *plagga (“patch”), from Proto-Germanic *plagg? (“patch”).

The word is cognate with Middle Low German placke, plagge (“small stain, scraps, rags, thin grass”), German Placken (“spot, patch”), Saterland Frisian plak, plakke (“a blow, slap”), Swedish plagg (“clothing, garment”). Compare plack.

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /pl??k/, /plæk/
• (Northern England, Scotland) IPA^(key): /plak/
• (General American) IPA^(key): /plæk/, [p?l?æk]
• (General Australian) IPA^(key): /pla?k/
• Rhymes: -??k, -ak, -æk, -a?k

Noun

plaque (countable and uncountable, plural plaques)

1. (countable) Any flat, thin piece of clay, ivory, metal, etc., used for ornament, or for painting pictures upon, as a dish, plate, slab, etc., hung upon a wall; also, a smaller decoration worn by a person, such as a brooch.
2. (countable) A piece of flat metal with writing on it, attached to a building, monument, or other structure to remind people of a person or an event.
3. (countable) A small card representing an amount of money, used for betting in casinos; a sort of gaming chip.
4. (countable, biology) A clearing in a bacterial lawn caused by a virus.
5. (countable, music) In the Hornbostel–Sachs classification system: any flat, thin musical instrument.

6. (countable, pathology) A broad patch of abnormal tissue distinguishable from surrounding tissue, especially a broad papule (“inflamed, irritated patch”) on the skin.
7. (countable, uncountable, pathology) An abnormal accumulation of material in or on an organ of the body, often associated with disease.
   1. (countable, uncountable, pathology) An accumulation in artery walls made up of macrophage cells and debris containing lipids, (cholesterol and fatty acids), calcium, and connective tissue; an atheroma.
   2. (uncountable, dentistry) An accumulation of biofilm, or bacteria, on teeth.

Derived terms

Related terms

• placard
• placula
• plaquet

Translations

References

Further reading

• commemorative plaque on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• dental plaque on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• plaque (disambiguation) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

French

Etymology

From Middle Dutch placken (“to patch, beat metal into a thin plate”), from placke (“disk, patch, stain”), from *Old Dutch plagga (“patch”), from Proto-Germanic *plagg? (“patch”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /plak/
• Rhymes: -ak

Noun

plaque f (plural plaques)

1. sheet, plate (of metal)
2. slab (of marble)
3. (medicine) plaque (bacteria on teeth)

4. plaque, slab (ornamental)
5. (casino) chip

   Synonym: jeton

6. (electrics, photography) plate
7. (geology) plate (especially a tectonic plate)
8. slab, bar (of e.g. chocolate)
9. (slang) 10,000 francs

   Synonyms: brique, bâton

10. burner; ring (element on a kitchen stove that generates localized heat for cooking)

Derived terms

Verb

plaque

1. first-person singular present indicative of plaquer
2. third-person singular present indicative of plaquer
3. first-person singular present subjunctive of plaquer
4. third-person singular present subjunctive of plaquer
5. second-person singular imperative of plaquer

Descendants

• ? Portuguese: placa

Further reading

• “plaque” in Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).

Spanish

Verb

plaque

1. First-person singular (yo) present subjunctive form of placar.
2. Formal second-person singular (usted) present subjunctive form of placar.
3. Third-person singular (él, ella, also used with usted^?) present subjunctive form of placar.
4. Formal second-person singular (usted) imperative form of placar.

English

Etymology

• Borrowed from Latin calculus (“a pebble or stone used as reckoning counters in abacus”) , diminutive of calx (“limestone”) + -ulus.
• Mathematical topic is from differential calculus.

Pronunciation

• (UK) IPA^(key): /?kæl.kj?.l?s/
• (General American) IPA^(key): /?kæl.kj?.l?s/

Noun

calculus (countable and uncountable, plural calculi or calculuses)

1. (dated, countable) Calculation; computation.
2. (countable, mathematics) Any formal system in which symbolic expressions are manipulated according to fixed rules.

3. (uncountable, often definite, the calculus) Differential calculus and integral calculus considered as a single subject; analysis.
5. (countable, medicine) A stony concretion that forms in a bodily organ.

   renal calculus ( = kidney stone)

6. (uncountable, dentistry) Deposits of calcium phosphate salts on teeth.
7. (countable) A decision-making method, especially one appropriate for a specialised realm.

Synonyms

• (calculation, computation): ciphering, reckoning; see also Thesaurus:calculation
• (in analysis): infinitesimal calculus
• (in medicine): stone
• (in dentistry): dental calculus, tartar

Derived terms

Related terms

• calcify
• calcium
• calculate

Translations

See also

• algebra
• analysis
• concretion

References

• calculus in The Century Dictionary, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911.

Latin

Etymology

From calx, calcis (“limestone, game counter”) +? -ulus (diminutive suffix).

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /?kal.ku.lus/, [?kä??k????s?]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /?kal.ku.lus/, [?k?lkulus]

Noun

calculus m (genitive calcul?); second declension

1. diminutive of calx
2. pebble, stone
3. reckoning, calculating, calculation
4. a piece in the latrunculi game

Declension

Second-declension noun.

Derived terms

• calcul?rius
• calculensis
• calcul?
• calcul?sus

Descendants

• ? Catalan: càlcul
• ? English: calculus
• ? French: calcul
  • ? German: Kalkül
    • ? Czech: kalkul
  • ? Romanian: calcul
  • ? Swedish: kalkyl
• ? Gallurese: calculu
• ? Georgian: ????????? (?al?ulusi)
• ? Hungarian: kalkulus
• ? Irish: calcalas
• ? Italian: calcolo
• ? Portuguese: cálculo
• ? Sardinian: calculu, càrculu
• ? Sassarese: càlcuru
• ? Spanish: cálculo
• ? Welsh: calcwlws
• ? Yiddish: ?????????? (kalkulus)

References

• calculus in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• calculus in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• calculus in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition, 1883–1887)
• calculus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré Latin-Français, Hachette
• Carl Meissner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book?^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.