different between logic vs calculus

English

Alternative forms

• logick (archaic)

Etymology

From Old French logike, from Latin logica, from Ancient Greek ?????? (logik?, “logic”), from feminine of ??????? (logikós, “of or pertaining to speech or reason or reasoning, rational, reasonable”), from ????? (lógos, “speech, reason”). Regarding the adjective, compare Latin logicus. Displaced native Old English fl?tcræft.

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation) enPR: l?j'?k, IPA^(key): /?l?d??k/
• (US) enPR: l?j'?k, IPA^(key): /?l?d??k/
• Rhymes: -?d??k

Adjective

logic

1. logical

Noun

logic (countable and uncountable, plural logics)

1. (uncountable) A method of human thought that involves thinking in a linear, step-by-step manner about how a problem can be solved. Logic is the basis of many principles including the scientific method.
2. (philosophy, logic) The study of the principles and criteria of valid inference and demonstration.
   • 2001, Mark Sainsbury, Logical Forms — An Introduction to Philosophical Logic, Second Edition, Blackwell Publishing, p. 9

     An old tradition has it that there are two branches of logic: deductive logic and inductive logic. More recently, the differences between these disciplines have become so marked that most people nowadays use "logic" to mean deductive logic, reserving terms like "confirmation theory" for at least some of what used to be called inductive logic. I shall follow the more recent practice, and shall construe "philosophy of logic" as "philosophy of deductive logic".

3. (uncountable, mathematics) The mathematical study of relationships between rigorously defined concepts and of mathematical proof of statements.
4. (countable, mathematics) A formal or informal language together with a deductive system or a model-theoretic semantics.
5. (uncountable) Any system of thought, whether rigorous and productive or not, especially one associated with a particular person.

   It's hard to work out his system of logic.

6. (uncountable) The part of a system (usually electronic) that performs the boolean logic operations, short for logic gates or logic circuit.

   Fred is designing the logic for the new controller.

Synonyms

• (mathematics, study): formal logic, modern logic
• (mathematics, system): formal system
• (philosophy): predicate logic

Derived terms

Related terms

• logician
• logical

Translations

Verb

logic (third-person singular simple present logics, present participle logicking, simple past and past participle logicked)

1. (intransitive, derogatory) To engage in excessive or inappropriate application of logic.
2. (transitive) To apply logical reasoning to.
3. (transitive) To overcome by logical argument.

Further reading

• logic in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913.
• logic in The Century Dictionary, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911.
• logic at OneLook Dictionary Search

Romanian

Etymology

From French logique

Adjective

logic m or n (feminine singular logic?, masculine plural logici, feminine and neuter plural logice)

1. logical

Declension

English

Etymology

• Borrowed from Latin calculus (“a pebble or stone used as reckoning counters in abacus”) , diminutive of calx (“limestone”) + -ulus.
• Mathematical topic is from differential calculus.

Pronunciation

• (UK) IPA^(key): /?kæl.kj?.l?s/
• (General American) IPA^(key): /?kæl.kj?.l?s/

Noun

calculus (countable and uncountable, plural calculi or calculuses)

1. (dated, countable) Calculation; computation.
2. (countable, mathematics) Any formal system in which symbolic expressions are manipulated according to fixed rules.

3. (uncountable, often definite, the calculus) Differential calculus and integral calculus considered as a single subject; analysis.
5. (countable, medicine) A stony concretion that forms in a bodily organ.

   renal calculus ( = kidney stone)

6. (uncountable, dentistry) Deposits of calcium phosphate salts on teeth.
7. (countable) A decision-making method, especially one appropriate for a specialised realm.

Synonyms

• (calculation, computation): ciphering, reckoning; see also Thesaurus:calculation
• (in analysis): infinitesimal calculus
• (in medicine): stone
• (in dentistry): dental calculus, tartar

Derived terms

Related terms

• calcify
• calcium
• calculate

Translations

See also

• algebra
• analysis
• concretion

References

• calculus in The Century Dictionary, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911.

Latin

Etymology

From calx, calcis (“limestone, game counter”) +? -ulus (diminutive suffix).

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /?kal.ku.lus/, [?kä??k????s?]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /?kal.ku.lus/, [?k?lkulus]

Noun

calculus m (genitive calcul?); second declension

1. diminutive of calx
2. pebble, stone
3. reckoning, calculating, calculation
4. a piece in the latrunculi game

Declension

Second-declension noun.

Derived terms

• calcul?rius
• calculensis
• calcul?
• calcul?sus

Descendants

• ? Catalan: càlcul
• ? English: calculus
• ? French: calcul
  • ? German: Kalkül
    • ? Czech: kalkul
  • ? Romanian: calcul
  • ? Swedish: kalkyl
• ? Gallurese: calculu
• ? Georgian: ????????? (?al?ulusi)
• ? Hungarian: kalkulus
• ? Irish: calcalas
• ? Italian: calcolo
• ? Portuguese: cálculo
• ? Sardinian: calculu, càrculu
• ? Sassarese: càlcuru
• ? Spanish: cálculo
• ? Welsh: calcwlws
• ? Yiddish: ?????????? (kalkulus)

References

• calculus in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• calculus in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• calculus in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition, 1883–1887)
• calculus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré Latin-Français, Hachette
• Carl Meissner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book?^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.