different between level vs lamina

English

Etymology

From Middle English level, from Old French livel, liveau m, later nivel, niveau, from Latin libella f (“a balance, a level”), diminutive of libra f (“a balance, a level”); see libra, librate.

The verb is from Middle English levelen, from the noun.

Pronunciation

• (UK, US) IPA^(key): /?l?v.?l/
• Rhymes: -?v?l
• Hyphenation: lev?el

Adjective

level (comparative leveler or leveller, superlative levelest or levellest)

1. The same height at all places; parallel to a flat ground.
2. At the same height as some reference; constructed as level with.

3. Unvaried in frequency.

4. Unvaried in volume.

5. Calm.

6. In the same position or rank.
7. Straightforward; direct; clear.
   • 1873, Matthew Arnold, Literature and Dogma

     a very plain and level account

8. Well balanced; even; just; steady; impartial.
9. (phonetics) Of even tone; without rising or falling inflection; monotonic.
   • 1891, Henry Sweet, A History of English Sounds from the Earliest Period

     Intonation or tone is either level, rising, or falling, marked respectively

10. (physics) Perpendicular to a gravitational force.

Antonyms

• tilted
• unbalanced
• uneven

Derived terms

Related terms

Translations

Noun

level (countable and uncountable, plural levels)

1. A tool for finding whether a surface is level, or for creating a horizontal or vertical line of reference.

2. A distance relative to a given reference elevation.

3. Degree or amount.

4. Achievement or qualification.

5. (computer science) Distance from the root node of a tree structure.
6. (video games) One of several discrete segments of a game, generally increasing in difficulty and representing different locations in the game world.

   Synonyms: stage, zone, world

7. (role-playing games, video games) A numeric value that quantifies a character, ability, or item's experience and power.

8. A floor of a multi-storey building.

9. (Britain) An area of almost perfectly flat land.
   • 1820, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Oedipus Tyrannus; Or, Swellfoot The Tyrant: A Tragedy in Two Acts:

     The troops grow mutinous—the revenue fails—
     There’s something rotten in us—for the level
     Of the State slopes, its very bases topple,
     The boldest turn their backs upon themselves!

10. (Singapore, education) A school grade or year.

Hyponyms

Related terms

Descendants

• ? German: Level
• ? Irish: leibhéal
• ? Japanese: ??? (reberu)

Translations

See also

• Wikipedia article on newsgroup posting style

Verb

level (third-person singular simple present levels, present participle (US) leveling or levelling, simple past and past participle (US) leveled or levelled)

1. To adjust so as to make as flat or perpendicular to the ground as possible.
2. To destroy by reducing to ground level; to raze.

   • He levels mountains and he raises plains.

3. (role-playing games, video games) To progress to the next level.

4. To aim or direct (a weapon, a stare, an accusation, etc).
   • 1592, John Stow, The Annales of England

     Bertram de Gordon, standing on the castle wall, levelled a quarrel out of a crossbow.
5. To direct or impose (a penalty, fine, etc) at or upon (someone).
   • 1809, William Ross (Jr.), Abridgement of the laws of Scotland relating to hunting [etc], page 60:

     If the right of killing salmon belong exclusively to the King, and consequently to his donatories, why has not the Legislature secured the right by levelling penalties against such as should encroach upon it [...] ?

   • 1978, Parliamentary Debates of the New Zealand House of Representatives, page 4955:

     How can the Minister reconcile the first statement with the clause, when he is in fact levelling punishment at the woman and not at the errant father [...] ?

   • 1995, The Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) of the [Great British] House of Lords:

     There is no purpose in levelling fines because they would be merely paid from the £1.8 billion which the BBC collects.

   • 2007, Mary Jacoby, EU investigators endorse charges against Intel, Wall Street Journal Europe, 17 January, page 32, column 5:

     Ultimately, Ms. Kroes [European Union Antitrust Commissioner] could level a fine and order Intel to change its business practices.

6. (sports) To make the score of a game equal.
7. (figuratively) To bring to a common level or plane, in respect of rank, condition, character, privilege, etc.

8. To adjust or adapt to a certain level.

   • For all his mind on honour fixed is, / To which he levels all his purposes.

9. (usually with "with") To speak honestly and openly with.

Derived terms

Translations

References

• level on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

Further reading

• level in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913.
• level in The Century Dictionary, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911.

Indonesian

Etymology

From English level, from Middle English level, from Old French livel, liveau m, later nivel, niveau, from Latin libella f (“a balance, a level”), diminutive of libra f (“a balance, a level”)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [?l?v?l]
• Hyphenation: lè?vêl

Noun

level (first-person possessive levelku, second-person possessive levelmu, third-person possessive levelnya)

1. (colloquial) level.

   Synonyms: tingkatan, tataran, lapisan

Further reading

• “level” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) Daring, Jakarta: Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia, 2016.

English

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin l?mina (“a thin piece of metal, wood, marble; a plate, leaf, layer”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /?læm.?n.?/
• Rhymes: -æm?n?

Noun

lamina (plural laminae or laminas)

1. a thin layer, plate, or scale of material

   Synonyms: sheet, layer

   1. (anatomy) either of two broad, flat plates of bone of a vertebra that is fused with and extends from the pedicle to the median line of the neural arch to form the base of the spinous process and that along with the pedicle forms the posterior part of the vertebral foramen
   2. (botany) the flat expanded part of a foliage leaf or leaflet

      Synonym: blade

   3. (geology) a fine layer that occurs in sedimentary rocks
   4. (zootomy) one of the narrow thin parallel plates of soft vascular sensitive tissue that cover the flesh within the wall of a hoof

Derived terms

Translations

References

• “lamina”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–present.
• “lamina”, in Merriam–Webster Online Dictionary, (Please provide a date or year).

Anagrams

• Almain, Animal, Malian, Manila, Milana, al-Amin, almain, aminal, animal, maalin, manila

French

Verb

lamina

1. third-person singular past historic of laminer

Anagrams

• animal

Indonesian

Etymology

Ultimately from Latin lamina, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *stelh?- (“broad, to broaden”). Possibly through Portuguese lâmina or Spanish lámina (“sheet”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [la?mina]
• Hyphenation: la?mi?na

Noun

lamina (plural lamina-lamina, first-person possessive laminaku, second-person possessive laminamu, third-person possessive laminanya)

1. (archaic) coat of mail
2. lamina: a very thin layer of material.

Further reading

• “lamina” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) Daring, Jakarta: Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia, 2016.

Italian

Etymology

From Latin l?mina (“thin sheet of material”). Doublet of lama, a borrowing from French.

Noun

lamina f (plural lamine)

1. thin sheet or layer; lamina
2. (botany) lamina, blade
3. (anatomy) lamina

Derived terms

• lamina d'oro (“gold leaf”)

Verb

lamina

1. third-person singular present indicative of laminare
2. second-person singular imperative of laminare

Anagrams

• Manila

Latin

Alternative forms

• lammina, lamna

Etymology

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *stelh?- (“broad, to broaden”). See l?tus, latus.

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /?la?.mi.na/, [???ä?m?nä]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /?la.mi.na/, [?l??min?]

Noun

l?mina f (genitive l?minae); first declension

1. (literally, Classical Latin) a thin piece or sheet of metal, wood, marble, etc.; a plate, leaf, layer
2. (transferred sense)
   1. a red-hot plate used as torture devices for slaves
   2. money, coin, gold, precious metal
   3. a saw (cutting device)
   4. (anatomy) the flap of the ear
   5. the tender shell of an unripe nut

Inflection

First-declension noun.

Derived terms

• l?mella
• lamnula
• subl?mina

Descendants

References

• lamina in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• lamina in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• lamina in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition, 1883–1887)
• lamina in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré Latin-Français, Hachette
• Julius Pokorny (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Bern, Munich: Francke Verlag

Malay

Noun

lamina (Jawi spelling ???????, plural lamina-lamina, informal 1st possessive laminaku, impolite 2nd possessive laminamu, 3rd possessive laminanya)

1. coat of mail

Further reading

• “lamina” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.

Portuguese

Verb

lamina

1. third-person singular (ele and ela, also used with você and others) present indicative of laminar
2. second-person singular (tu, sometimes used with você) affirmative imperative of laminar

Romanian

Etymology

From French laminer.

Verb

a lamina (third-person singular present lamineaz?, past participle laminat) 1st conj.

1. to laminate

Conjugation

Spanish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /la?mina/, [la?mi.na]

Verb

lamina

1. Informal second-person singular (tú) affirmative imperative form of laminar.
2. Formal second-person singular (usted) present indicative form of laminar.
3. Third-person singular (él, ella, also used with usted^?) present indicative form of laminar.