different between decimation vs decimate

English

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin decim?ti?, a punishment where every 10th man in a unit would be stoned to death by the men who were spared. Used by the Romans to keep order in their military. Compare septimation and vicesimation.

Pronunciation

• (UK, US) IPA^(key): /?d?s??me???n/
• Rhymes: -e???n

Noun

decimation (plural decimations)

1. (strictly) The killing or punishment of every tenth person, usually by lot.
2. (generally) The killing or destruction of any large portion of a population.
   • 1702: Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana - And the whole army had cause to enquire into their own rebellions, when they saw the Lord of Hosts, with a dreadful decimation, taking off so many of our brethren by the worst of executioners.
3. A tithe or the act of tithing.
4. (mathematics) The creation of a new sequence comprising only every nth element of a source sequence.
   1. (signal processing) A digital signal-processing technique for reducing the number of samples in a discrete-time signal; downsampling

Synonyms

• (the act of killing or punishing each tenth person): tithing
• (the payment of a tenth to the clergy): See tithe

Coordinate terms

• (proportionate reduction, by single aliquot part): quintation (1/5), septimation (1/7), vicesimation (1/20), tricesimation (1/30), centesimation (1/100)

Related terms

• decimate

Translations

References

• William Dwight Whitney and Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1914) , “decimation”, in The Century Dictionary: An Encyclopedic Lexicon of the English Language, volume II (D–Hoon), revised edition, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., OCLC 1078064371.

Anagrams

• medication

English

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin decim?re (“to take or offer a tenth part”), from decimus (“tenth”). As a noun, via Latin decimatus (“tithing area; tithing rights”).

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /?d?.s?.me?t/
• (US) enPR: de.s?'m?t", IPA^(key): /?d?.s?.me?t/

Verb

decimate (third-person singular simple present decimates, present participle decimating, simple past and past participle decimated)

1. (archaic) To kill one-tenth of a group, (historical, specifically) as a military punishment in the Roman army selected by lot, usually carried out by the surviving soldiers.
   • c. 1650, Jeremy Taylor, Vol. I:

     God sometimes decimates or tithes delinquent persons, and they died for a common crime, according as God hath cast their lot in the decrees of predestination.

   • 1989, Basil Davidson, "The Ancient World and Africa" in Egypt Revisited, p. 49:

     Said to have been martyred as a Christian legionary commander of late Roman times for having refused an imperial order to kill one in ten (that is, decimate in the Roman meaning of the word) of the soldiers of another legion which had gone into revolt...

   • 1998, Adrian Goldsworthy, The Roman Army at War, p. 263:

     ...where Caesar threatened to disband Legio X after a mutiny. The men begged him to decimate them instead, and Caesar relented in the same way that Titus refrained from executing this cavalryman after his comrades’ appeal.

   • 2007, Russell T. Davies, Doctor Who, "The Sound of Drums":

     Shall we decimate them? That sounds good, nice word. Remove one-tenth of the population!

2. To destroy or remove one-tenth of anything.
   • 1840, P.J. Proudhon, What is Property?, p. 164:

     ...there will be eight hundred and ten laborers producing as nine hundred, while, to accomplish their purpose, they would have to produce as one thousand... Here, then, we have a society which is continually decimating itself...

3. (loosely) To devastate: to reduce or destroy significantly but not completely.
   • p. 1856, James Froude, History of England from the fall of Wolsey to the death of Elizabeth:

     [England] had decimated itself for a question which involved no principle, and led to no result.

   • 1996, Star Trek: Voyager (TV series), Flashback (episode)

     Um, some sort of power overload. I'm afraid it decimated your breakfast.
4. (obsolete) To exact a tithe or other 10% tax
   • 1669, John Dryden, "The Wild Gallant":

     I have heard you are as poor as a decimated Cavalier [referring to Cromwell's ten per cent. income-tax on Cavaliers], and had not one foot of land in all the world.

   • 1819, John Lingard, History of England, p. 352:

     In addition, an ordinance was published that “all who had ever borne arms for the king, or declared themselves to be of the royal party, should be decimated, that is, pay a tenth part of all the estate which they had left, to support the charge which the commonwealth was put to...

5. (obsolete, rare) To tithe: to pay a 10% tax.
6. (obsolete) To decimalize: to divide into tenths, hundredths etc.
7. (proscribed) To reduce to one-tenth: to destroy or remove nine-tenths of anything.
   • 1998, H. Wayne House, ed., Israel, the Land and the People, p. 63:

     In this dramatic picture, the nation is literally decimated, and even the tenth which remains is subjected to a further destruction.

   • 2003, Susan S. Hunter, Black Death, p. 58:

     African slaves were needed to replace Native American populations that had been decimated (literally reduced to one-tenth their size) by European conquest.

   • 2005, Wilma A. Dunaway, "Put in Master’s Pocket" in Appalachians and Race, p. 116:

     In the New World, European colonists initially enslaved Native Americans, decimating the indigenous populations to one-tenth of their original sizes.

8. (computer graphics) To replace a high-resolution model with another of lower but acceptable quality.
   • 1999, Mihalisin & al., "Visualizing Multivariate Functions, Data and Distributions" in Readings in Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think, p. 122:

     A decimate tool allows us to obtain a more coarse-grained view of the data over the full n-dimensional space.

   • 2001, Inside 3Ds Max 4, p. 56:

     However, many times it is more practical to decimate existing high-res models because of time, money or manpower issues.

   • 2004, Geremy Heitz & al., "Automatic Generation of Shape Models using Nonrigid Registration with a Single Segmented Template Mesh" in Vision Modeling and Visualization 2004, p. 74:

     Given this initial fine mesh, we smooth and decimate it to a desired mesh resolution.

Usage notes

Senses of decimate other than "to reduce by one in ten" are occasionally proscribed but "to devastate" has now become a more common usage. The sense "to reduce to one in ten" is etymologically unsound and omitted by the OED but increasingly common.

Synonyms

• (to kill 10% of): tithe
• (to kill 90% of): tithe
• (to lay waste): See devastate
• (to pay a 10% tax): See tithe
• (to divide into ?s): See decimalize

Coordinate terms

• (reduce proportionately, by single aliquot part): tertiate (?), quintate (?), sextate (?), septimate (?), duodecimate (¹???), centesimate (¹????)

Derived terms

• decimater, decimator
• decimating
• decimation

Related terms

• quintate

Translations

Noun

decimate (plural decimates)

1. (obsolete) A tithe or other 10% tax or payment.
2. (obsolete) A tenth of something.
3. (obsolete) A set of ten items.

References

• decimate in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913.
• William Dwight Whitney and Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1914) , “decimate”, in The Century Dictionary: An Encyclopedic Lexicon of the English Language, volume II (D–Hoon), revised edition, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., OCLC 1078064371.

Anagrams

• edematic, medicate

Italian

Verb

decimate

1. second-person plural present indicative of decimare
2. second-person plural imperative of decimare
3. feminine plural of decimato

Anagrams

• medicate

Latin

Verb

decim?te

1. second-person plural present active imperative of decim?