different between tyrant vs potentate

English

Wikispecies

Etymology

From Middle English tyraunt, tiraunt, tyrant, tyrante, from Old French tyrant, from the addition of a terminal -t to tiran (cp. French tyran) via a back-formation related to the development of French present participles out of the Latin -ans form, from Latin tyrannus (“despot”), from Ancient Greek ???????? (túrannos, “usurper, monarch, despot”), of uncertain origin.

Pronunciation

• enPR: t??r?nt
  • (Received Pronunciation, General American) IPA^(key): /?ta???nt/
• Hyphenation: ty?rant

Noun

tyrant (plural tyrants)

1. (historical, Ancient Greece) A usurper; one who gains power and rules extralegally, distinguished from kings elevated by election or succession.
   • c. 1595, William Shakespeare, The third Part of Henry the Sixt, with the death of the Duke of York, III iii 71:

     To proue him Tyrant, this reason may suffice, That Henry liueth still.

   • 1980, Michel Austin & al., Economic and Social History of Ancient Greece, 142:

     The reappearance of tyranny [in the 4th century BC] had many reasons... one of the main causes was the development of antagonism between rich and poor; tyrants came to power exploiting a social and political imbalance within the state.

   • 1996, Roger Boesche, Theories of Tyranny, from Plato to Arendt, 4:

     Ancient Greek tyrannies appeared once more in great numbers with the breakdown of the polis in the period from the fourth to the second centuries [BC]. These later tyrannies tended to rely on a more narrow class base and to use a brutal military rule, and thus writers could use the words tyrant and tyranny, with their modern connotations of evil and cruelty, to describe them accurately.

2. (obsolete) Any monarch or governor.
   • 1737, William Whiston translating Josephus, History of the Jewish Wars, I xii §2:

     Cassius... set tyrants over all Syria.

3. A despot; a ruler who governs unjustly, cruelly, or harshly.
   • 1587, Philip Sidney and Arthur Golding, A woorke concerning the trewnesse of the christian religion, translating Philippe De Mornay, XII 196:

     Tyrannes...be but Gods scourges which he will cast into the fyre when he hath done with them.

   • c. 1599, William Shakespeare, The Tragedie of Iulius Cæsar, V iv 5:

     I am the Sonne of Marcus Cato, hoe.
     A Foe to Tyrants, and my Countries Friend.

   • 1888, James Bryce, The American Commonweath, I iv 42:

     They [viz., the Framers of the American Constitution] held England to be the freest and best-governed country in the world, but were resolved to avoid the weak points which had enabled King George III. to play the tyrant, and which rendered English liberty, as they thought, far inferior to that which the constitutions of their own States secured.

4. (by extension) Any person who abuses the power of position or office to treat others unjustly, cruelly, or harshly.
   • c. 1611, William Shakespeare, The Tempest, II ii 161:

     A plague vpon the Tyrant that I serue

   • 1817, Mary Mitford in Alfred L'Estrange, The life of Mary Russell Mitford (1870), II i 2

     […] a sad tyrant, as my friends the Democrats sometimes are.

5. (by extension) A villain; a person or thing who uses strength or violence to treat others unjustly, cruelly, or harshly.
   • c. 1507, William Dunbar, Poems, 95:

     That strang vnmercifull tyrand [Death].

   • 1526, Tyndale's Bible, 1 Tim. I 13:

     I was a blasphemar, and a persecuter, and a tyraunt.

   • 1528, Thomas Paynell translating Arnaldus de Villa Nova in Joannes de Mediolano, Regimen Sanitatis Salerni:

     A pike (called the tyranne of fishes).

   • c. 1611, William Shakespeare, The Tragedie of Cymbeline, I i 85:

     O dissembling Curtesie! How fine this Tyrant Can tickle where she wounds?

   • 1847, A. Helps, Friends in Council, I viii 132:

     Public opinion, the greatest tyrant of these times.

6. The tyrant birds, members of the family Tyrannidae, which often fight or drive off other birds which approach their nests.
   • 1731, Mark Catesby, The natural history of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands, I 55:

     The Tyrant... The courage of this little Bird is singular.

   • c. 1841, Swainson, Penny Cyclopaedia, XXI 415 2:

     The lesser tyrants (Tyrannulae) are spread over the whole of America, where they represent the true flycatcher... The tyrants are bold and quarrelsome birds, particularly during the season of incubation.

   • 1895, Alfred Newton, A Dictionary of Birds:

     Tyrant or Tyrant-bird, Catesby applied it solely to...the King-bird..., but apparently as much in reference to its bright crown...as to its tyrannical behaviour to other birds.

Synonyms

• (Greek ruler): archon, basileus, aisymnetes
• (unjust or strict ruler or superior): autocrat, dictator, despot, martinet
• (bird): tyrant bird, tyrant flycatcher, tyrant shrike, king bird, bee martin

Derived terms

Related terms

• tyranness
• tyrannical
• tyrannicide, tyrannicidal
• tyrannous
• tyranny

Translations

Descendants

• ? Welsh: teirant

Adjective

tyrant

1. (uncommon) Tyrannical, tyrannous; like, characteristic of, or in the manner of a tyrant.
   • c. 1530, John Rastell, Pastyme of People

     He was most tirant & cruell of all emperours.

   • c. 1600, William Shakespeare, As you Like it, I ii 278:

     Thus must I from the smoake into the smother,
     From tyrant Duke, vnto a tyrant Brother.

   • 1775, Abigail Adams, letter in Familiar Letters of John Adams and his wife Abigail Adams, during the Revolution (1876), 124:

     ...a reconciliation between our no longer parent state, but tyrant state, and these colonies.

Verb

tyrant (third-person singular simple present tyrants, present participle tyranting, simple past and past participle tyranted)

1. (intransitive, obsolete) To act like a tyrant; to be tyrannical.
   • a. 1661, Thomas Fuller, Of Fancy

     Let thy judgment be king, but not tyrant over it

2. (transitive, obsolete) To tyrannize.

References

Further reading

• tyrant in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913.
• tyrant in The Century Dictionary, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911.
• tyrant at OneLook Dictionary Search

Anagrams

• tranty

Middle English

Noun

tyrant

1. Alternative form of tyraunt

English

Etymology

From Middle English potentat, from Old French, from Late Latin potent?tus (“rule, political power”), from Latin pot?ns (“powerful, strong”), the active present participle of possum (“I am able”).

Pronunciation

• (UK) IPA^(key): /?p??.t?n.te?t/
• (US) IPA^(key): /?po?.t?n.te?t/

Noun

potentate (plural potentates)

1. A powerful leader; a monarch; a ruler.
   • 1592, Shakespeare, Henry VI, Part I, act iii, scene 2

     But Kings and mightie?t Potentates mu?t die,
     For that's the end of humane mi?erie.

   • 1900, Theodore Dreiser, "Sister Carrie"

     She was now one of a group of oriental beauties who, in the second act of the comic opera, were paraded by the vizier before the new potentate as the treasures of his harem.

2. A powerful polity or institution.
3. (derogatory) A self-important person.

Usage notes

This term usually carries connotations or implications of ancient despotism before advanced Western conceptions of civil law and Enlightenment values; in other words, a potentate can be described as a king or realm that exercises "raw", absolute power by decree and entrenched in "exotic" customs and traditions (cf. Orientalism). For example, a "Hindu potentate" would refer to those petty kings who controlled various small dominions in India before the British Raj. Particularly in the second sense, use of "potentate" to refer to Western states even before the modern era is rare, and may even be intended humorously in such a case.

Related terms

Translations

Adjective

potentate (comparative more potentate, superlative most potentate)

1. (obsolete) Regnant, powerful, dominant.