different between point vs top

English

Pronunciation

• (UK, General American) enPR: point, IPA^(key): /p??nt/
• Rhymes: -??nt

Etymology 1

From Middle English point, from Old French point m (“dot; minute amount”), from Latin p?nctum (“a hole punched in; a point, puncture”), substantive use of p?nctus m, perfect passive participle of pung? (“I prick, punch”); alternatively, from Old French pointe f (“sharp tip”), from Latin p?ncta f (past participle). Displaced native Middle English ord (“point”), from Old English ord (“point”). Doublet of pointe, punctum, punt, and punto.

Noun

point (plural points)

1. A discrete division of something.
   1. An individual element in a larger whole; a particular detail, thought, or quality. [from 13th c.]

   2. A particular moment in an event or occurrence; a juncture. [from 13th c.]

   3. (archaic) Condition, state. [from 13th c.]

   4. A topic of discussion or debate; a proposition. [from 14th c.]

   5. A focus of conversation or consideration; the main idea.

   6. A purpose or objective, which makes something meaningful. [from 14th c.]

   7. (obsolete) The smallest quantity of something; a jot, a whit. [14th-17th c.]
   8. (obsolete) A tiny amount of time; a moment. [14th-17th c.]
      • 1599, John Davies, Nosce Teipsum

        When time's first point begun / Made he all souls.|title=Of the Soule of Man and the Immortalitie Thereof

   9. A specific location or place, seen as a spatial position. [from 14th c.]

   10. (mathematics, sciences) A zero-dimensional mathematical object representing a location in one or more dimensions; something considered to have position but no magnitude or direction. [from 14th c.]
   11. A full stop or other terminal punctuation mark. [from 14th c.]
   12. (music) A dot or mark used to designate certain tones or time. In ancient music, it distinguished or characterized certain tones or styles (points of perfection, of augmentation, etc.). In modern music, it is placed on the right of a note to raise its value, or prolong its time, by one half.
   13. (by extension) A note; a tune.
   14. A distinguishing quality or characteristic. [from 15th c.]

   15. (in the plural, dated) The chief or excellent features.

       the points of a horse

   16. Something tiny, as a pinprick; a very small mark. [from 15th c.]

   17. (now only in phrases) A tenth; formerly also a twelfth. [from 17th c.]

   18. Each of the marks or strokes written above letters, especially in Semitic languages, to indicate vowels, stress etc. [from 17th c.]
   19. (sports, video games, board games) A unit of scoring in a game or competition. [from 18th c.]

   20. (mathematics) A decimal point (now especially when reading decimal fractions aloud). [from 18th c.]

   21. (economics) A unit used to express differences in prices of stocks and shares. [from 19th c.]
   22. (typography) a unit of measure equal to 1/12 of a pica, or approximately 1/72 of an inch (exactly 1/72 of an inch in the digital era). [from 19th c.]
   23. (Britain) An electric power socket. [from 20th c.]
   24. (navigation, nautical) A unit of bearing equal to one thirty-second of a circle, i.e. 11.25°.

   25. (Britain) A unit of measure for rain, equal to 0.254 mm or 0.01 of an inch.
2. A sharp extremity.
   1. The sharp tip of an object. [from 14th c.]

   2. Any projecting extremity of an object. [from 14th c.]
   3. An object which has a sharp or tapering tip. [from 14th c.]

   4. (backgammon) Each of the twelve triangular positions in either table of a backgammon board, on which the stones are played. [from 15th c.]
   5. A peninsula or promontory. [from 15th c.]
   6. The position at the front or vanguard of an advancing force. [from 16th c.]
      1. (by extension) An operational or public leadership position in a risky endeavor.
   7. Each of the main directions on a compass, usually considered to be 32 in number; a direction. [from 16th c.]
   8. (nautical) The difference between two points of the compass.

   9. Pointedness of speech or writing; a penetrating or decisive quality of expression. [from 17th c.]
   10. (rail transport, Britain, in the plural) A railroad switch. [from 19th c.]
   11. (usually in the plural) An area of contrasting colour on an animal, especially a dog; a marking. [from 19th c.]

   12. A tine or snag of an antler.
   13. (fencing) A movement executed with the sabre or foil.

3. (heraldry) One of the several different parts of the escutcheon.
4. (nautical) A short piece of cordage used in reefing sails.
5. (historical) A string or lace used to tie together certain garments.
6. Lace worked by the needle.

7. (US, slang, dated) An item of private information; a hint; a tip; a pointer.
8. The attitude assumed by a pointer dog when he finds game.

9. (falconry) The perpendicular rising of a hawk over the place where its prey has gone into cover.
10. The act of pointing, as of the foot downward in certain dance positions.
11. The gesture of extending the index finger in a direction in order to indicate something.
    • 2005, Marc Marschark, Patricia Elizabeth Spencer, Oxford handbook of deaf studies, language, and education

      […] DCDP children are exposed to more points and gesturelike signs in their linguistic environment […]

12. (medicine, obsolete) A vaccine point.
13. In various sports, a position of a certain player, or, by extension, the player occupying that position.
    1. (cricket) A fielding position square of the wicket on the off side, between gully and cover. [from 19th c.]
    2. (lacrosse, ice hockey) The position of the player of each side who stands a short distance in front of the goalkeeper.
    3. (baseball) The position of the pitcher and catcher.
    4. (hunting) A spot to which a straight run is made; hence, a straight run from point to point; a cross-country run.

Synonyms

• (location or place): location, place, position, spot
• (in geometry): ord
• (particular moment in an event or occurrence): moment, ord, time
• (sharp tip): end, ord, tip
• (arithmetic symbol): spot, decimal point (name of the symbol; not used when reading decimal fractions aloud)
• (opinion): opinion, point of view, view, viewpoint
• (unit of measure of success or failure): mark (in a competition)
• (color of extremities of an animal):

Hyponyms

Derived terms

Related terms

Descendants

• ? Indonesian: poin
• ? Japanese: ???? (pointo)
• ? Korean: ??? (pointeu)

Translations

See also

• Appendix:Collocations of do, have, make, and take for the use of point with these verbs

References

• point on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

Etymology 2

From Middle English pointen, poynten, from Old French pointier, pointer, poynter, from Medieval Latin punctare, p?nctu?re, from Latin p?nctum.

Verb

point (third-person singular simple present points, present participle pointing, simple past and past participle pointed)

1. (intransitive) To extend the index finger in the direction of something in order to show where it is or to draw attention to it.
   • Point at the tattered coat and ragged shoe.

2. (intransitive) To draw attention to something or indicate a direction.

3. (intransitive) To face in a particular direction.
4. (transitive, sometimes figuratively) To direct toward an object; to aim.
   • 1853, Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons, Parliamentary Papers (volume 11, page 267)

     Mr. Fitzsimons pointed my attention to an outside car on which was written, "Take warning," or something of that kind, and he pointed that out to me, and drew my attention to it, as a thing likely to intimidate […]

5. To give a point to; to sharpen; to cut, forge, grind, or file to an acute end.

6. (intransitive) To indicate a probability of something.
7. (transitive, intransitive, masonry) To repair mortar.
8. (transitive, masonry) To fill up and finish the joints of (a wall), by introducing additional cement or mortar, and bringing it to a smooth surface.
9. (stone-cutting) To cut, as a surface, with a pointed tool.
10. (transitive) To direct or encourage (someone) in a particular direction.
11. (transitive, mathematics) To separate an integer from a decimal with a decimal point.
12. (transitive) To mark with diacritics.
13. (dated) To supply with punctuation marks; to punctuate.

14. (transitive, computing) To direct the central processing unit to seek information at a certain location in memory.
15. (transitive, Internet) To direct requests sent to a domain name to the IP address corresponding to that domain name.
16. (intransitive, nautical) To sail close to the wind.

17. (intransitive, hunting) To indicate the presence of game by a fixed and steady look, as certain hunting dogs do.
    • 1713, John Gay, The Rural Sports

      He treads with caution, and he points with fear.

18. (medicine, of an abscess) To approximate to the surface; to head.
19. (dated) To give point to (something said or done); to give particular prominence or force to.
    • 1924, EM Forster, A Passage to India, Penguin 2005, p. 85:

      ‘Oh, it is the great defect in our Indian character!’ – and, as if to point his criticism, the lights of the Civil Station appeared on a rise to the right.

Derived terms

Translations

Etymology 3

From Middle English pointen, poynten, by apheresis of apointen, appointen, appoynten. See appoint.

Verb

point (third-person singular simple present points, present participle pointing, simple past and past participle pointed)

1. (obsolete) To appoint.

References

Further reading

• point in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913.
• point in The Century Dictionary, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911.

Anagrams

• Pinto, opt in, opt-in, pinot, pinto, piton, potin

Danish

Etymology

From French point, from Latin p?nctum, the neuter of the participle p?nctus (“pointed”). The Latin word is also borrowed to Danish punkt (“dot”) and punktum (“full stop”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [p?o???]

Noun

point

1. a point (in a game)

Declension

See also

• punkt
• pointe
• pointere

Further reading

• “point” in Den Danske Ordbog

French

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /pw??/
• (Quebec) IPA^(key): [pw????]
• Rhymes: -??
• Homophones: poing, poings, points

Etymology 1

From Middle French poinct (with orthography modified to reflect the Latin etymology), from Old French point, from Latin punctum.

Noun

point m (plural points)

1. point (small mark)
2. (sports, games) point
3. full stop, period (punctuation mark)
4. (knitting) stitch pattern

Derived terms

Descendants

• ? Danish: point
• Norwegian Bokmål: poeng

Adverb

point

1. (literary, dialectal, usually with "ne") not

   Synonym: pas (contemporary French)

Related terms

• appointer
• pointe
• poindre
• poignant
• poinçon

Etymology 2

From Old French point, from Latin punctus.

Verb

point m (feminine singular pointe, masculine plural points, feminine plural pointes)

1. past participle of poindre

Etymology 3

From Latin pungit.

Verb

point

1. third-person singular present indicative of poindre

Anagrams

• piton

Further reading

• “point” in Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).

Manx

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Verb

point (verbal noun pointeil, past participle pointit)

1. appoint

Mutation

Norman

Etymology

From Old French point, from Latin punctum.

Noun

point m (plural points)

1. (Jersey) full stop, period (punctuation mark)

Derived terms

• point d'excliamâtion (“exclamation mark”)
• point d'tchestchionn'nie (“question mark”)
• point virgule (“semicolon”)

Old French

Etymology 1

From Latin punctum.

Noun

point m (oblique plural poinz or pointz, nominative singular poinz or pointz, nominative plural point)

1. a sting; a prick
2. moment; time
3. (on a die) dot
4. small amount

Adverb

point

1. a little
2. (with ne) not (indicates negation)

Descendants

• Middle French: poinct
  • French: point

Etymology 2

From Latin punctus.

Verb

point

1. past participle of poindre

Descendants

• Dutch: pointeren
• English: point
• Middle French: poinct
  • French: point
    • Norwegian Bokmål: poeng

Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /pw?nt/

Noun

point f pl

1. genitive plural of pointa

Portuguese

Pronunciation

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /?põj?.t??(i)/

Noun

point m (plural points)

1. (Brazil, slang) a location where members of a group usually meet

English

Etymology

From Middle English top, toppe, from Old English top (“top, highest part; summit; crest; tassel, tuft; (spinning) top, ball; a tuft or ball at the highest point of anything”), from Proto-Germanic *tuppaz (“braid, pigtail, end”), of unknown origin.

Cognate with Scots tap (“top”), North Frisian top, tap, tup (“top”), Saterland Frisian Top (“top”), West Frisian top (“top”), Dutch top (“top, summit, peak”), Low German Topp (“top”), German Zopf (“braid, pigtail, plait, top”), Swedish topp (“top, peak, summit, tip”), Icelandic toppur (“top”).

The sense of a spinning toy is separated from this, obscurely related to Dutch top and dop in this sense, against Standard Dutch tol, and French toupie having this sense.

Pronunciation

• (UK) IPA^(key): /t?p/, [t???p]
• (General American) IPA^(key): /t?p/, [t???p]
• Rhymes: -?p

Noun

top (countable and uncountable, plural tops)

1. The highest or uppermost part of something.

   Synonyms: peak, summit, overside

   Antonyms: bottom, base, underside

   1. (irrespective of present orientation) the part of something that is usually the top.

   2. The uppermost part of a page, picture, viewing screen, etc.

      Synonym: (of a page) head

      Antonym: (of a page) foot

   3. A lid, cap or cover of a container.

      Synonyms: cap, coverlid

   4. A garment worn to cover the torso.

      Antonym: bottom

   5. A framework at the top of a ship's mast to which rigging is attached.
   6. (baseball) The first half of an inning, during which the home team fields and the visiting team bats.
   7. (archaic) The crown of the head, or the hair upon it; the head.
2. A child’s spinning toy; a spinning top.

3. (heading) Someone who is eminent.
   1. (archaic) The chief person; the most prominent one.
   2. The highest rank; the most honourable position; the utmost attainable place.
4. (BDSM) A dominant partner in a BDSM relationship or roleplay.

   Synonyms: (usually male) dom, (female) domme

   Antonyms: bottom, sub

5. (gay slang) A man penetrating or with a preference for penetrating during homosexual intercourse.

6. (slang, African-American Vernacular, MLE) Oral stimulation to the male member, a blowjob.

   Synonyms: see Thesaurus:oral sex
7. (particle physics) A top quark.

   Hypernym: flavor

8. The utmost degree; the acme; the summit.
   • June 18 1714, Alexander Pope, letter to Jonathan Swift

     The top of my own ambition is to contribute to that work.

9. (ropemaking) A plug, or conical block of wood, with longitudinal grooves on its surface, in which the strands of the rope slide in the process of twisting.
10. (sound) Highest pitch or loudest volume.
11. (wool manufacture) A bundle or ball of slivers of combed wool, from which the noils, or dust, have been taken out.
12. (obsolete, except in one sense of phrase on top of) Eve; verge; point.

    • Hee was upon the top of his marriage with Magdalaine.

13. The part of a cut gem between the girdle, or circumference, and the table, or flat upper surface.

    (Can we find and add a quotation of Knight to this entry?)

14. (in the plural, slang, dated) Topboots.
15. (golf) A stroke on the top of the ball.
16. (golf) A forward spin given to the ball by hitting it on or near the top.
17. (in restaurants, preceded by a number) (A table at which there is, or which has enough seats for) a group of a specified number of people eating at a restaurant.

Derived terms

Translations

Verb

top (third-person singular simple present tops, present participle topping, simple past and past participle topped)

1. To cover on the top or with a top.

2. To excel, to surpass, to beat.

   Synonyms: beat, better, best, exceed; see also Thesaurus:exceed
3. To be in the lead, to be at number one position (of).
   • 2013, Phil McNulty, "[9]", BBC Sport, 26 December 2013:

     Liverpool topped the table on Christmas Day and, after Arsenal's win at West Ham earlier on Boxing Day, would have returned to the top had they been the first team to beat City at home this season.

4. To cut or remove the top (as of a tree)
5. (Britain, slang, reflexive) To commit suicide.

7. (Britain, slang, rare) To murder.

   Synonyms: kill, murder, slaughter, slay; see also Thesaurus:kill

8. (BDSM) To be the dominant partner in a BDSM relationship or roleplay.

9. (gay slang, transitive, intransitive) To anally penetrate in gay sex.
10. (archaic) To rise aloft; to be eminent; to tower.
    • 1713, William Derham, Physico-Theology

      lofty and topping mountains

    • , Book II, Chapter XXI

      influenced by that topping uneasiness

11. (archaic) To excel; to rise above others.
12. (nautical) To raise one end of (a yard, etc.), making it higher than the other.
13. (dyeing) To cover with another dye.

14. To put a stiffening piece or back on (a saw blade).
15. (slang, dated) To arrange (fruit, etc.) with the best on top.
16. (of a horse) To strike the top of (an obstacle) with the hind feet while jumping, so as to gain new impetus.
17. To improve (domestic animals, especially sheep) by crossing certain individuals or breeds with other superior breeds.
18. To cut, break, or otherwise take off the top of (a steel ingot) to remove unsound metal.
19. (golf) To strike (the ball) above the centre; also, to make (a stroke, etc.) by hitting the ball in this way.

Derived terms

• (kill): top oneself
• untopped

Translations

Adjective

top (not comparable)

1. Situated on the top of something.
2. (informal) Best; of the highest quality or rank.

3. (informal) Very good, of high quality, power, or rank.

Related terms

Translations

Adverb

top (not comparable)

1. Rated first.

Synonyms

• first

See also

• topple

Anagrams

• OPT, OPt, OTP, PTO, TPO, oPt, opt, opt., pot

Albanian

Etymology

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish ???? (top).

Noun

top m (indefinite plural tope, definite singular topi, definite plural topet)

1. ball
2. (in the plural) slang for testicles

Inflection

Azerbaijani

Etymology

Cognate with Turkish top.

Noun

top (definite accusative topu, plural toplar)

1. ball
2. cannon
3. (chess) rook

Declension

Derived terms

• topçu (“cannoneer”)

See also

Baure

Noun

top

1. fog

Crimean Tatar

Noun

top

1. ball
2. lump
3. cannon

Declension

Derived terms

• babaytop
• topla?uv
• topçu
• top qunda??

References

• Mirjejev, V. A.; Usejinov, S. M. (2002) Ukrajins?ko-kryms?kotatars?kyj slovnyk [Ukrainian – Crimean Tatar Dictionary]?^[11], Simferopol: Dolya, ?ISBN

Czech

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [?top]

Verb

top

1. second-person singular imperative of topit

Danish

Etymology

From Old Norse toppr, from Proto-Germanic *tuppaz.

Noun

top c (singular definite toppen, plural indefinite toppe)

1. summit, peak
2. hairpiece
3. top (uppermost part, lid, cap, cover, garment worn to cover the torso, child’s spinning toy)

Inflection

Derived terms

Dutch

Etymology

From Middle Dutch top, topp, from Old Dutch and Frankish *topp, *top, from Proto-West Germanic *topp.

Pronunciation

• Rhymes: -?p

Adjective

top

1. (colloquial) great, very good

Derived terms

• (prefix): top-

Noun

top m (plural toppen, diminutive topje n)

1. top (uppermost part)
2. (figuratively) apex
3. summit, peak (high point of a mountain)
4. summit, assembly
5. top (piece of women's clothing)

Antonyms

• bodem

Derived terms

• bergtop
• vingertop
• toppunt

Verb

top

1. (denominal) first-person singular present indicative of toppen

Anagrams

• pot

French

Etymology

Borrowed from English top.

Pronunciation

Noun

top m (plural tops)

1. top; shirt or garment covering the upper body
2. a signalling sound; beep

Adjective

top (feminine singular toppe, masculine plural tops, feminine plural toppes)

1. top; best; highest in rank; maximum
2. excellent; brilliant
3. (LGBT, slang) top (dominant in role)

Synonyms

• (dominant): actif

Antonyms

• bottom

Adverb

top

1. at most; maximum

Italian

Etymology

Borrowed from English top.

Noun

top m (invariable)

1. (woman's dressing, garment) top

Latvian

Verb

top

1. 3rd person singular present indicative form of tapt
2. 3rd person plural present indicative form of tapt
3. (with the particle lai) 3rd person singular imperative form of tapt
4. (with the particle lai) 3rd person plural imperative form of tapt

Middle English

Alternative forms

• toppe, topp, tope, toop

Etymology

From Old English topp, toppa, from Proto-Germanic *tuppaz.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /t?p/, /t??p/

Noun

top (plural toppes)

1. The summit or top of something, especially a vertical object:
   1. The peak of a mountain or other landform.
   2. The roof or ceil of a house; the top of a fence.
   3. A lid or cap; a removable top or topping.
   4. The head, especially its top or the hair on its top.
2. A small deck at the dop of a ship's sails.
3. A cluster or bunch of fibres; a tassel.
4. A top or whirligig (spinning toy)
5. The start or introduction of something.
6. (rare) The tip or end of something; that which something terminates in.

Derived terms

• toppen
• toppyng

Descendants

• English: top
  • ? French: top
  • ? German: Top
  • ? Vietnamese: t?p
• Scots: tap

References

• “top, n.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-08-12.
• “top, n.(2).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-08-12.

Mopan Maya

Adverb

top

1. very

References

• Hofling, Charles Andrew (2011). Mopan Maya–Spanish–English Dictionary, University of Utah Press.

Northern Kurdish

Noun

top f

1. ball (object, generally spherical, used for playing games)
2. cannon

Old French

Alternative forms

• tup, tupe, tope, toup

Etymology

From Frankish *topp.

Noun

top m (oblique plural tos, nominative singular tos, nominative plural top)

1. hair on top of one's head, forelock
2. top, highest point
3. tuft of flax placed on distaff
4. top (ship)

Descendants

• ? Galician: tope
• ? Spanish: tope
• ? Portuguese: topo
• ? Old French: toupet, topet
  • ? Old Portuguese: topete
    • Galician: topete
    • Portuguese: topete
  • Middle French: toupet
    • French: toupet (see there for further descendants)
  • Norman: toupet, tupé
  • ? Middle English: topet
• ?? Old French: topoie, toupie, tourpe, tourpie
  • Middle French: toupie
    • French: toupie

References

• Godefroy, Frédéric, Dictionnaire de l'ancienne langue française et de tous ses dialectes du IX^e au XV^e siècle (1881) (top)
• tup on the Anglo-Norman On-Line Hub

Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /t?p/

Etymology 1

From English top, from Middle English top, toppe, from Old English top (“top, highest part; summit; crest; tassel, tuft; (spinning) top, ball; a tuft or ball at the highest point of anything”), from Proto-Germanic *tuppaz (“braid, pigtail, end”), from Proto-Indo-European *dumb- (“tail, rod, staff, penis”).

Noun

top m inan

1. (nautical) nautical top (the upper end of a mast)
2. top (garment worn to cover the torso)

Declension

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the main entry.

Verb

top

1. second-person singular imperative of topi?

Further reading

• top in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Portuguese

Etymology

Borrowed from English top.

Pronunciation

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /?t?.pi/
• Homophone: tope

Adjective

top (invariable, comparable)

1. (slang) cool, awesome
2. (slang) top, excellent, high-quality

   Synonym: top de linha

Derived terms

• topzeira

Noun

top m (plural tops)

1. top (garment worn to cover the torso)

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish ???? (top).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /tôp/

Noun

t?p m (Cyrillic spelling ????)

1. cannon
2. (chess) rook

Declension

See also

Slovene

Etymology 1

From Proto-Slavic *t?p?.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /t??p/

Adjective

t?p (comparative b?lj t?p, superlative n?jbolj t?p)

1. blunt

Inflection

This adjective needs an inflection-table template.

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish ???? (top).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /t??p/

Noun

t?p m inan

1. cannon

Inflection

Further reading

• “top”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran

Spanish

Etymology

Borrowed from English top.

Noun

top m (plural tops)

1. top (first positions of a ranking)
2. top (female clothing)

Adjective

top (plural tops)

1. (proscribed) top (situated on the top of something)

   Synonym: mejor

2. (proscribed) top (best; of the highest quality or rank)

   Synonym: el mejor

3. (proscribed) top (very good, of high quality)

   Synonym: muy bueno

References

• “top” in Diccionario panhispánico de dudas, primera edición, Real Academia Española, 2005.

Turkish

Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish ???? (top), from Proto-Turkic *top (“round thing”).

Noun

top (definite accusative topu, plural toplar)

1. ball
2. cannon
3. (slang) gay

Declension

References

Volapük

Etymology

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ????? (tópos, “place”).

Noun

top (nominative plural tops)

1. place

Declension

Related terms

• topäd