different between kulakism vs kulak

English

Alternative forms

• koulak
• kulack
• Kulak

Etymology

1877. From Russian ?????? (kulák, “wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person”), plural ??????? (kulakí). Compare also Russian ??????????????? (raskulá?ivanije, “dekulakization”), ???????????? (podkulá?nik, “subkulak”).

Pronunciation

• (UK) IPA^(key): /?ku?lak/
• (US) IPA^(key): /?kulæk/

Noun

kulak (plural kulaks or kulaki)

1. (historical) A prosperous peasant in the Russian Empire or the Soviet Union, who owned land and could hire workers.
   • 2002, Christopher Hitchens, "Martin Amis: Lightness at Midnight", The Atlantic, Sep 2002:

     The “internal organs,” as the CHEKA and the GPU and the KGB used to style themselves, were asked to police the mind for heresy as much as to torture kulaks to relinquish the food they withheld from the cities.

Usage notes

During Soviet state collectivization of farming in the 1920s and 1930s the label kulak, implying “tight-fisted”, was applied pejoratively to land-owning peasants in general.

Synonyms

• kurkul

Hypernyms

• employer    [WS]
• petit bourgeois

Related terms

• kulakism
• kulakize, kulakise
• kulakisation, kulakization
• dekulakise, de-kulakise, dekulakize, de-kulakize
• dekulakisation, de-kulakisation, dekulakization, de-kulakization
• self-dekulakisation, self-dekulakization
• subkulak

Translations

Quotations

• For quotations using this term, see Citations:kulak.

References

Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary: Tenth Edition 1997

Anagrams

• Kukla, Kulka

Czech

Etymology

From Russian ?????? (kulák, “wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [?kulak]
• Rhymes: -ulak
• Hyphenation: ku?lak

Noun

kulak m anim

1. (historical, derogatory) kulak, a prosperous peasant marked as an enemy of the people by the communist regime, especially in the time of forced collectivization (e. g. in Czechoslovakia 1948–cca 1960)

Declension

Derived terms

• dekulakizace
• kula?ka
• kulacký
• rozkula?ení
• rozkula?ený
• rozkula?it
• rozkula?ovat
• rozkula?ování
• rozkula?ovaný

Further reading

• kulak in P?íru?ní slovník jazyka ?eského, 1935–1957
• kulak in Slovník spisovného jazyka ?eského, 1960–1971, 1989

Anagrams

• klaku
• kluka
• kukal
• kukla
• kulka

Italian

Alternative forms

• culaco (uncommon)

Etymology

From Russian ?????? (kulák, “wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ku?lak/
• Hyphenation: ku?làk

Noun

kulak m (plural kulaki)

1. (historical) kulak (prosperous peasant in Russia)

References

• kulak in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

Norwegian Bokmål

Noun

kulak m (definite singular kulaken, indefinite plural kulaker, definite plural kulakene)

1. form removed with the spelling reform of 2005; superseded by kulakk

Norwegian Nynorsk

Noun

kulak m (definite singular kulaken, indefinite plural kulakar, definite plural kulakane)

1. form removed with the spelling reform of 2005; superseded by kulakk

Portuguese

Noun

kulak m (plural kulaks)

1. (historical) kulak (prosperous peasant in Russia)

Turkish

Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish ?????? (qulaq, “ear”), Old Anatolian Turkish ????? (qulaq, “ear”), from Proto-Turkic *kulkak (“ear”). Cognate with Old Turkic ????????????????????? (q?¹ul¹qq /qulqaq/). A possible cognate with Finnish kuulla

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ku.???k/
• Hyphenation: ku?lak

Noun

kulak (definite accusative kula??, plural kulaklar)

1. ear

Declension

Related terms

• kulakl?
• kulaks?z
• kulakl?k