different between kernel vs kern

English

Etymology

From Middle English kernel, kirnel, kürnel, from Old English cyrnel, from Proto-West Germanic *kurnil, diminutive of *kurn? (“seed, grain, corn”), equivalent to corn +? -le. Cognate with Yiddish ??????? (kerndl), Middle Dutch kernel, cornel, Middle High German kornel. Related also to Old Norse kjarni (“kernel”).

Pronunciation

• (UK) IPA^(key): /?k??n?l/
• (US) IPA^(key): /?k?n?l/
• Rhymes: -??(?)n?l
• Homophone: colonel

Noun

kernel (plural kernels)

1. The core, center, or essence of an object or system.

   Synonyms: crux, gist

2. (botany) The central (usually edible) part of a nut, especially once the hard shell has been removed.
3. (botany) A single seed or grain, especially of corn or wheat.
4. (botany, US) The stone of certain fruits, such as peaches or plums.
5. A small mass around which other matter is concreted; a nucleus; a concretion or hard lump in the flesh.
6. (computing) The central part of many computer operating systems which manages the system's resources and the communication between hardware and software components.

   Hyponyms: microkernel, unikernel

7. (computing) The core engine of any complex software system.

   Antonym: userland

8. (calculus) A function used to define an integral transform.

9. (mathematics) A set of pairs of a mapping's domain which are mapped to the same value.
10. (mathematics, linear algebra, functional analysis) For a given function (especially a linear map between vector spaces), the set of elements in the domain which are mapped to zero; (formally) given f : X ? Y, the set {x ? X : f(x) = 0}.

    Antonym: support

    Meronyms: root, zero

11. (mathematics, category theory) For a category with zero morphisms: the equalizer of a given morphism and the zero morphism which is parallel to that given morphism.
12. (mathematics, fuzzy set theory) The set of members of a fuzzy set that are fully included (i.e., whose grade of membership is 1).
13. (slang) The human clitoris.
    • 2014, Karyn Gerrard, Irene Preston, Lotchie Burton et al, Summer Heat: 10 Spicy Romances That Sizzle

      Using the blunt end of one of the vibraphone mallets, he pried open her folds. With the balled end of the other, he rhythmically rolled over her kernel.

14. (chemistry) The nucleus and electrons of an atom excluding its valence electrons.
    • 1916, Gilbert N. Lewis, “The Atom and The Molecule,” Journal of the American Chemical Society 38(4) p 768.

      1. In every atom is an essential kernel which remains unaltered in all ordinary chemical changes and which possesses an excess of positive charges corresponding in number to the ordinal number of the group in the periodic table to which the element belongs.

Synonyms

• (core or essence): See also Thesaurus:gist

Derived terms

Translations

Verb

kernel (third-person singular simple present kernels, present participle kerneling, simple past and past participle kerneled)

1. To enclose within a kernel
2. To crenelate

Anagrams

• kleren

Hungarian

Etymology

From English kernel.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [?k?rn?l]
• Hyphenation: ker?nel
• Rhymes: -?l

Noun

kernel (plural kernelek)

1. (computing) kernel (the central part of many computer operating systems)

   Synonym: rendszermag

Declension

References

Middle English

Alternative forms

• cernel, curnel, kernell, kirnel, karnel, kurnel, kurnele, kyrnel, kyrnell, cornel

Etymology

From Old English cyrnel, from Proto-Germanic *kurnilaz; equivalent to corn +? -el. Some forms are influenced by corn.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /?k?rn?l/, /?kirn?l/, /?kurn?l/, /?k?rn?l/

Noun

kernel (plural kerneles)

1. A seed, grain or stone of a fruit, corn, or nut; a pepper corn.
2. (figuratively) The core or most important part of a thing.
3. (figuratively) The start of an enterprise or endeavour.
4. (anatomy) A organ responsible for production of substances.
5. (medicine) A distended organ or growth.
6. (rare) A small pebble or rock; a flake of salt.

Derived terms

Descendants

• English: kernel
• Scots: kirnel; churnel

References

• “kirnel, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-07-06.

Old French

Alternative forms

• crenel

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.).

Noun

kernel m (oblique plural kerneaus or kerneax or kerniaus or kerniax or kernels, nominative singular kerneaus or kerneax or kerniaus or kerniax or kernels, nominative plural kernel)

1. crenel (space in a battlement from which weapons may be used on an incoming enemy)

Descendants

• ? English: crenel
• French: créneau

References

• Godefroy, Frédéric, Dictionnaire de l'ancienne langue française et de tous ses dialectes du IX^e au XV^e siècle (1881) (crenel, supplement)

Portuguese

Etymology

From English kernel.

Noun

kernel m (plural kernels)

1. (computing) kernel (central part of certain operating systems)

   Synonym: núcleo

English

Pronunciation

• (UK) IPA^(key): /k??n/
• Rhymes: -???n

Etymology 1

From Middle English curn, cooren, variant forms of Middle English corn, see English corn and also Dutch kern, Old High German kerno, cherno, Middle High German kerne, kern, German Kern (“core, kernel”),
Old Norse kjarni, Icelandic kjarni, Danish kjerne, Swedish kärna (“core, kernel”); see also kernel.

Alternative forms

• kirn, curn (Scotland)

Noun

kern (countable and uncountable, plural kerns)

1. (obsolete or dialect) A corn; grain; kernel.
2. (obsolete or dialect) The last handful or sheaf reaped at the harvest.
3. (obsolete or dialect) The harvest home.

Derived terms

• kern-baby

Related terms

• kernel

Etymology 2

From French carne (“corner; projecting angle; quill of a pen”), from Latin cardinem (“hinge”) or from Etymology 1. The verb is a back-formation from kerned, which is from the noun.

Alternative forms

• kerne

Noun

kern (plural kerns)

2. (hot metal printing, typography) Any part of a letter which extends into the space used by another letter.
   • 1856, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Odd Fellows' Literary Casket, Volumes 6-7, page 360,

     A few types have a portion of the face letter projecting over the body, as in the letter f ; this projection is called the kern, and in combination with other letters the projecting part generally extends over the next letter, as in fe. In those combinations, wherein the kern would come in contact with another letter, compound types are cast, as in the case of ff, fi, fl, ffi, ffl.

Verb

kern (third-person singular simple present kerns, present participle kerning, simple past and past participle kerned)

1. (typography, chiefly proportional font printing) To adjust the horizontal space between selected pairs of letters (characters or glyphs); to perform such adjustments to a portion of text, according to preset rules.
   • 2001, Constance J. Sidles, Graphic Designer's Digital Printing and PrePress Handbook, page 51,

     If you need to kern anything beyond the most commonly used pairs, you can use applications software such as Adobe PageMaker to customize pairs.

   • 2001, Bill Camarda, Special Edition Using Microsoft Word 2002, page 122,

     Especially consider kerning if you are printing on a relatively high-resolution printer, such as a 600-dpi (dots per inch) laser printer.

   • 2006, Tova Rabinowitz, Exploring Typography, page 320,

     Remember, the goal of kerning is to make letter pairs look natural, not necessarily to minimize letterspaces.

   • 2008, Terry Rydberg, Exploring Adobe InDesign CS4, page 98,

     You should kern letter pairs when spacing between characters is too wide or too narrow.

Derived terms

• kern pair

Translations

Etymology 3

From Middle English kerne, from Middle Irish ceithern.

Alternative forms

• kerne

Noun

kern (plural kerns)

1. (archaic or historical) A light-armed foot soldier of the ancient militia of Ireland and Scotland; in archaic contexts often used as a term of contempt.
   • c. 1599, William Shakespeare, The Life of Henry the Fifth, Act 3, Scene 7,

     O then belike she was old and gentle; and you rode like a kern of Ireland, your French hose off and in your strait strossers.

   • 1908, Sabine Baring-Gould, Devonshire Characters and Strange Events: "Lusty" Stucley,

     There he entertained Shan O'Neil, a famous, turbulent chief from Ireland, who late in this year visited Elizabeth's Court, where his train of kerns and gallowglasses, clothed in linen kilts dyed with saffron, made a great impression.

2. (obsolete) A boor; a low person.

   (Can we find and add a quotation of Blount to this entry?)

3. (obsolete, Britain, law) An idler; a vagabond.

   (Can we find and add a quotation of Wharton to this entry?)

Etymology 4

Noun

kern (plural kerns)

1. Alternative form of quern

Etymology 5

Noun

kern (plural kerns)

1. A churn.

References

Anagrams

• Renk, nerk

Dutch

Etymology

From Middle Dutch kerne, from Old Dutch *kerno, from Proto-Germanic *kernô, from Proto-Indo-European *?erh?-n-on-, *?r?h?nóm, related to *kurn? (“corn, grain”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /k?rn/
• Hyphenation: kern
• Rhymes: -?rn

Noun

kern f (plural kernen, diminutive kerntje n)

1. nucleus, core
2. (physics) nucleus (of an atom)
3. (physics, in compounds) nuclear
4. (geology, astronomy) core (of the Earth, or any other celestial body)
5. (mathematics) kernel (of a function)
   • 1976, "Het eindexamen wiskunde II 1976", in Euclides. Maandblad voor de didactiek van de wiskunde. Orgaan van de Nederlandse Vereniging van Wiskundeleraren, vol. 52, issue 7, Wolters-Noordhoff, 274.

     Te bewijzen: er bestaat een k waarvoor beeldruimte en kern van A_k samenvallen.

     To be demonstrated: a k exists for which the image space and kernel of A_k coincide.

   • 2005, Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica, Vakantiecursus 2005. De schijf van vijf, 55.

     Hij kijkt dus of het ontvangen woord in de kern van de matrix zit.

     Therefore he checks whether the received word is contained in the matrix's kernel.

6. settlement, built-up area

Derived terms

References

• Kroonen, Guus (2013) , “kurnan”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, ?ISBN, page 285

Manx

Etymology

From Middle Irish ceithern (“band or troop of soldiers or fighting men”).

Noun

kern m (genitive singular kern, plural kernyn)

1. (military) soldier, infantryman, yeoman
2. (chess) pawn

Synonyms

• (soldier, pawn): sidoor

Mutation

References

• Gregory Toner, Maire Ní Mhaonaigh, Sharon Arbuthnot, Dagmar Wodtko, Maire-Luise Theuerkauf, editors (2019) , “ceithern”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language