different between incubus vs aggravation

English

Etymology

From Late Latin incubus, from Latin incub? (“nightmare, one who lies down on the sleeper”), from incub?re (“to lie upon, to hatch”), from in- (“on”) + cub?re (“to lie down”).

Pronunciation

• (UK, US) IPA^(key): /???.kj?.b?s/, /??n.kj?.b?s/
• Homophone: incubous

Noun

incubus (plural incubi or incubuses)

1. (mediaeval folklore) An evil spirit supposed to oppress people while asleep, especially to have sex with women as they sleep.

   Antonym: succubus

   Hypernyms: evil spirit, spirit

2. A feeling of oppression during sleep, sleep paralysis; night terrors, a nightmare.

   Synonym: nightmare

   • , vol. I, New York 2001, p.249:

     it increaseth fearful dreams, incubus, night-walking, crying out, and much unquietness  […] .

3. (by extension) Any oppressive thing or person; a burden.
   • August 1935, Clark Ashton Smith, Weird Tales, "The Treader of the Dust":

     Again he felt the impulse of flight: but his body was a dry dead incubus that refused to obey his volition.

   • 2002, Colin Jones, The Great Nation, Penguin 2003, p. 132-3:

     Notions of civic virtue were at that moment changing, in ways which would make of Louis's alleged vices an incubus on the back of the monarchy.

4. (entomology) One of various of parasitic insects, especially subfamily Aphidiinae.

Translations

See also

• incubous
• succubus

Further reading

• incubus on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

Dutch

Etymology

From Late Latin incubus, from Latin incubo (“nightmare, one who lies down on the sleeper”), from incubare (“to lie upon, to hatch”).

Noun

incubus m (plural incubussen or incubi, diminutive incubusje n)

1. An incubus, evil spirit
2. A nightmare, horrible dream
3. A burden, obsession, yoke

Synonyms

• (nightmare) nachtmerrie

See also

• succubus m

Latin

Etymology

From incub?¹ (“I lie upon”, “I brood over”, “I am a burden to”), perhaps via an alteration of the Classical incub?² (“incubus”, “nightmare”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /?in.ku.bus/, [???k?b?s?]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /?in.ku.bus/, [?i?kubus]

Noun

incubus m (genitive incub?); second declension

1. (Late Latin) the nightmare, incubus
   • (Can we find and add a quotation of Augustine of Hippo to this entry?)
   • (Can we find and add a quotation of Isidore of Seville to this entry?)

Declension

Second-declension noun.

Synonyms

• (nightmare, incubus): incubitor, incub?

Descendants

• Dutch: incubus
• English: incubus
• French: incube
• German: Incubus
• Italian: incubo
• Portuguese: íncubo
• Russian: ?????? (inkúb)
• Spanish: incubo

References

• inc?bus in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• INCUBI in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition, 1883–1887)
• inc?bus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré Latin-Français, Hachette, page 801/1
• Niermeyer, Jan Frederik (1976) , “incubo (genet. -onis), incubus”, in Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 524/2

English

Etymology

From Middle French aggravation.

Pronunciation

• Rhymes: -e???n

Noun

aggravation (countable and uncountable, plural aggravations)

1. The act of aggravating, or making worse; used of evils, natural or moral; the act of increasing in severity or heinousness; something additional to a crime or wrong and enhancing its guilt or injurious consequences.

   Synonym: exacerbation

   • 1826, Mary Shelley, The Last Man, part 1, chapter 10

     Adrian, whose health had always been weak, now suffered considerable aggravation of suffering from the effects of his wound.

2. Exaggerated representation.
3. An extrinsic circumstance or accident which increases the guilt of a crime or the misery of a calamity.
4. (informal) Provocation, irritation, annoyance.

Related terms

• aggravate

Translations

Further reading

• “aggravation”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–present.
• aggravation in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913.
• aggravation in The Century Dictionary, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911.

French

Pronunciation

Noun

aggravation f (plural aggravations)

1. aggravation

Further reading

• “aggravation” in Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).