different between fortification vs vallum

English

Etymology

Borrowed from Middle French fortification, from Late Latin fortificatio, fortificationem, from fortifico, from Latin fortis.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /?f??(?)t?f??ke???n/, /?f??(?)t?f??ke???n/
• Rhymes: -e???n

Noun

fortification (countable and uncountable, plural fortifications)

1. The act of fortifying; the art or science of fortifying places to strengthen defence against an enemy.
2. That which fortifies; especially, a work or works erected to defend a place against attack; a fortified place; a fortress; a fort; a castle.
   • “[…] We are engaged in a great work, a treatise on our river fortifications, perhaps? But since when did army officers afford the luxury of amanuenses in this simple republic? […] ”

3. An increase in effectiveness, as by adding ingredients.
   • 1979, Kiplinger's Personal Finance (volume 33, number 7, July 1979, page 47)

     Compare the nutrition information label of a regular ready-to-eat fortified cereal with that of a presweetened brand and you'll note that, although the sweetened one's sugar content is higher, the fortification is virtually identical.

4. A jagged pattern sometimes seen during an attack of migraine.

Derived terms

• biofortification

Related terms

• fortify

Translations

French

Etymology

Borrowed from Late Latin fortificatio, fortificationem, from fortifico, from Latin fortis.

Pronunciation

Noun

fortification f (plural fortifications)

1. fortification (all meanings)

Related terms

• fortifier

Further reading

• “fortification” in Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).

English

Etymology

From Latin vallum. Doublet of wall comes from this word via a Proto-Germanic borrowing from Latin.

Noun

vallum (plural vallums or valla)

1. (historical, Roman antiquity) A rampart; a wall, as in a fortification.
2. (anatomy) The eyebrow.

Latin

Etymology

From vallus (“stake, palisade, point”), from Proto-Indo-European *wel- (“to turn, wind, roll”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /?u?al.lum/, [?u?äl?????]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /?val.lum/, [?v?l?um]

Noun

vallum n (genitive vall?); second declension

1. wall, rampart, entrenchment

Usage notes

• The nature of the root vowel (v?llum or v?llum) is not properly known. Most dictionaries that specify vowel length in closed syllables, especially those published in the 21st century, do not mark it as long.

Declension

Second-declension noun (neuter).

Derived terms

• intervallum

Descendants

• Italian: vallo
• Old Occitan:
  • Catalan: vall
• Old Portuguese:
  • Galician: valo
  • Portuguese: valo, vala
• Old Spanish:
  • Spanish: valla
    • ? Catalan: valla
• ? Albanian: avulli
• ? English: vallum (learned)
• ? Czech: val
• ? Polish: wa?
• ? Romanian: val
• ? West Germanic: *wall (see there for further descendants)

References

• vallum in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• vallum in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• vallum in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition, 1883–1887)
• vallum in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré Latin-Français, Hachette
• Carl Meissner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book?^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
• vallum in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898) Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
• vallum in William Smith et al., editor (1890) A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin