different between byzantine vs mandarinate

English

Adjective

byzantine (comparative more byzantine, superlative most byzantine)

1. Alternative spelling of Byzantine
   • 2008, Dan Bilefsky, Fears of New Ethnic Conflict in Bosnia, New York Times

     The result is a byzantine system of government directed by 160 ministers, a structure that absorbs 50 percent of Bosnia’s gross domestic product of $15 billion, according to the World Bank.

Noun

byzantine (plural byzantines)

1. (historical) A byzant (coin).

French

Adjective

byzantine

1. feminine singular of byzantin

Latin

Adjective

byzant?ne

1. vocative masculine singular of byzant?nus

English

Etymology

From French mandarinat, corresponding to mandarin +? -ate.

Noun

mandarinate (plural mandarinates)

1. (obsolete) The status of holding a position as a mandarin. [18th–19th c.]
2. The collective body of mandarins. [from 19th c.]
   • 2016, Christopher Goscha, The Penguin History of Modern Vietnam, Penguin 2017, p. 101:

     He criticized the monarchy and the mandarinate for failing to save the country and to help the people in their hour of greatest need.

3. A political form of rule by mandarins.
4. (figuratively) A type of government marked by excessive bureaucracy and Byzantine regulations.
   • 2011, Ian Buruma, Europe without Turkey:

     Far from being a model of democracy, the EU is associated with an arrogant, out-of-touch mandarinate that issues rules and edicts with paternalistic and highhanded disregard for ordinary citizens.

Translations