different between arbitress vs arbiter

English

Etymology

arbiter +? -ess

Noun

arbitress (plural arbitresses)

1. A female arbiter.
   • 1594, Samuel Daniel, Cleopatra, Act III, in Delia and Rosamond augmented by Cleopatra, London: Simon Waterson,^[1]

     O Fearefull frowning NEMESIS,

     Daughter of IVSTICE, most seuere,

     That art the worlds great Arbitresse,

     And Queene of causes raigning heere.

   • 1667, John Milton, Paradise Lost, Book 1, lines 784-787,^[2]

     […] while over head the Moon

     Sits Arbitress, and neerer to the Earth

     Wheels her pale course, they on thir mirth & dance

     Intent, with jocond Music charm his ear;

   • 1726, Jonathan Swift, Gulliver’s Travels, Volume 1, Part 2, Chapter 3, p. 106-107,^[3]

     […] my Colour came and went several times, with Indignation to hear our noble Country, the Mistress of Arts and Arms, the Scourge of France, the Arbitress of Europe, the Seat of Virtue, Piety, Honour and Truth, the Pride and Envy of the World, so contemptuously treated.

   • 1799, Hannah More, Strictures on the Modern System of Education, London: T. Cadell and W. Davies, Volume 1, Chapter 1, p. 25,^[4]

     Those who have not watched the united operation of vanity and feeling on a youthful mind, will not conceive how much less formidable the ridicule of all his own sex will be to a very young man, than that of those women to whom he has been taught to look up as the arbitresses of elegance.

   • 1847, Charlotte Brontë, Jane Eyre, London: Smith, Elder, Volume 3, Chapter 1, pp. 30-31,^[5]

     On a stile in Haylane I saw a quiet little figure sitting by itself. I passed it as negligently as I did the pollard willow opposite to it: I had no presentiment of what it would be to me; no inward warning that the arbitress of my life—my genius of good or evil—waited there in humble guise.

English

Etymology

From Old French arbitre, from Latin arbiter (“a witness, judge, literally one who goes to see”).

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation): IPA^(key): /???b?t?(?)/

Noun

arbiter (plural arbiters)

1. A person appointed, or chosen, by parties to determine a controversy between them; an arbitrator.
   • 1931, William Bennett Munro, The government of the United States, national, state, and local, page 495

     In order to protect individual liberty there must be an arbiter between the governing powers and the governed.

2. (with of) A person or object having the power of judging and determining, or ordaining, without control; one whose power of deciding and governing is not limited.

   Television and film, not Vogue and similar magazines, are the arbiters of fashion.

3. (electronics) A component in circuitry that allocates scarce resources.

Related terms

Translations

Verb

arbiter (third-person singular simple present arbiters, present participle arbitering, simple past and past participle arbitered)

1. (transitive) To act as arbiter.
   • 2003, Jean-Benoit Nadeau, Julie Barlow, Sixty Million Frenchmen Can't be Wrong: Why We Love France But Not the French, page 116

     Worse, since there was no institution to arbiter disagreements between Parliament and the government, whenever Parliament voted against the government on the smallest issues, coalitions fragmented, and governments had to be recomposed.

Further reading

• arbiter in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913.
• arbiter in The Century Dictionary, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911.

Anagrams

• rarebit

Latin

Etymology

Uncertain, but probably cognate to Umbrian a?putrati (“according to the judgement”, abl.sg.), corresponding to Latin arbitr?t?. Possibly from ad- + baet?, with sporadic d > r as in arvorsum, arfuise, thus originally meaning "one that goes to something in order to see or hear it". However, that verb has no certain etymology, and the Umbrian pu remains unexplained. De Vaan suggests a derivation from put? to explain the Umbrian pu, however that is still morphologically difficult since the latter is based on an adjective. The voiced b would have to be exceptional or explained by some peculiarity of the ?p sequence in Umbrian.

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /?ar.bi.ter/, [?ärb?t??r]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /?ar.bi.ter/, [??rbit??r]

Noun

arbiter m (genitive arbitr?); second declension

1. witness, spectator, onlooker
2. (law) arbitrator, arbiter (having a wider power than a i?dex)
   1. (transferred sense) judge, umpire
3. overseer, controller, ruler

Declension

Second-declension noun (nominative singular in -er).

Related terms

• arbitr?tus
• arbitrium, arbiterium
• arbitror

Descendants

References

• “arbiter” on page 175 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (2nd ed., 2012)
• De Vaan, Michiel (2008) , “arbiter”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, ?ISBN, page 50

Further reading

• arbiter in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• arbiter in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• arbiter in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré Latin-Français, Hachette
• Carl Meissner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book?^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
• arbiter in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898) Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
• arbiter in William Smith et al., editor (1890) A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin

Polish

Etymology

From Latin arbiter.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ar?b?i.t?r/

Noun

arbiter m pers

1. (law) arbiter (person appointed, or chosen, by parties to determine a controversy between them)
2. authority (person)

   Synonym: autorytet

3. (sports) referee (umpire, judge of a game)

   Synonym: s?dzia

Declension

Related terms

• (verb) arbitra?owa?
• (nouns) arbitralno??, arbitra?
• (adjectives) arbitralny, arbitra?owy
• (adverb) arbitralnie

Further reading

• arbiter in Wielki s?ownik j?zyka polskiego, Instytut J?zyka Polskiego PAN
• arbiter in Polish dictionaries at PWN