different between wergeld vs geld

English

Alternative forms

• wehrgeld, weregeld, weregild, were gild, wergild

Etymology

From Middle English wergeld, from Old English wergeld (“compensation for a man killed”), from Proto-West Germanic *werageld, equivalent to wer (“man”) +? geld (“payment”). Cognate with Dutch weergeld, German Wergeld. More at wer, geld.

Noun

wergeld (countable and uncountable, plural wergelds)

1. (historical, especially in Germanic law) Blood money, the monetary value assigned to a person, set according to their rank, used to determine the compensation paid by the perpetrator of a crime to the victim in the case of injury or to the victim's kindred in the case of homicide.
   • 1973, George Vernadsky, Kievan Russia, ?ISBN.

     In its opening article the equality of the wergeld of a Novgorodian Slav with that of a Kievan Russian is proclaimed.

   • 1995, David Anthony Edgell Pelteret, Slavery in Early Mediaeval England: From the Reign of Alfred Until the Twelfth Century, ?ISBN.

     In these clauses a lord had the duty of yielding up his esne if he was guilty of homicide and paying the dead man's wergeld. If the esne escaped, his lord had then to pay the value of a further man (that is, one hundred shillings), which was a ceorl's wergeld and may well have been the value of an esne as well.

2. (historical, especially in Germanic law) Compensation thus determined and paid; a reparative payment.
   • 1977, J.R.R. Tolkien, Of the Rings of Power (HarperCollins), pages 353–354:

     Isildur would not surrender [The Ruling Ring] to Elrond and Círdan who stood by. [...] ‘This I will have as weregild for my father's death, and my brother's. Was it not I that dealt the Enemy his death-blow?’

   • 2002, Richard Firth Green, A Crisis of Truth: Literature and Law in Ricardian England, ?ISBN.

     The folklaw set a price on every person's head and this price was easily converted into oath equivalents: if the wergeld to be paid for killing a churl was 200 shillings, for killing a thegn 1200 shillings, and for killing a king 7,200 shillings, then it follows that for a churl to sue a thegn he would need five other 200-shilling men prepared to swear alongside him, and to sue a king, thirty-five others.

Quotations

• 1862, John Benjamin Marsden, The Influence of the Mosaic Code Upon Subsequent Legislation, ?ISBN.

  The first law we find is one of Æthelbirht's:—"if a freeman lie with a freeman's wife, let him pay for it with his 'wer-geld,' and provide another wife with his own money, and bring her to the other."

• 2005, Jean A. Stuntz, Hers, His, and Theirs: Community Property Law in Spain and Early Texas ?ISBN:

  A person's class could be determined by the amount of his or her wergeld. When a malefactor killed an innocent person, the offender had to pay a fine called a wergeld. This compensation was paid to the victim's kin. The higher a person's status was, the higher his or her wergeld was. A ceorl's wergeld was usually set at two hundred shillings. A thegn's wergeld might be 1,200 shillings...The king's wergeld was also set so high that no one would contemplate killing him, because to do so would bankrupt the malefactor's family and they would all be sold into slavery to pay the debt.

  […]

  When a wife was killed, her wergeld went to her birth family, not to her husband.

  […]

  A man who committed adultery with another man's wife had to pay the wronged husband one-tenth the amount of his wergeld.

Synonyms

• wer

Translations

See also

• blood money
• Lex Frisionum

References

• Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary, Springfield, Massachusetts, G.&C. Merriam Co., 1967

English

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /??ld/
• Rhymes: -?ld

Etymology 1

From Middle English geld and reinforced by Medieval Latin geldum, both from Old English geld, ?ield (“payment, tribute”), from Proto-Germanic *geld? (“reward, gift, money”), from Proto-Indo-European *g?eld?- (“to pay”). Cognate with North Frisian jild (“money”), Saterland Frisian Jield, Jäild (“money”), Dutch geld (“money”), German Geld (“money”), Old Norse gjald (“payment”), Gothic ???????????????? (gild, “tribute”). Also related to English yield. Geld is also written gelt or gild, and as such found in wergild, Danegeld, etc. Probably reinforced by gelt (which see), see Norwegian Bokmål gjeld (“debt”).

Noun

geld (countable and uncountable, plural gelds)

1. (chiefly archaic or historical) Money.
   1. (historical) In particular, (money paid as) a medieval form of land tax.

Related terms

• Danegeld
• hidegeld
• wharfgeld
• sandgeld
• wergeld
• yield

Translations

Etymology 2

From Middle English gelden, from Old Norse gelda (“to geld, castrate”), from geldr (“yielding no milk, dry”), cognate with Old High German galt. Cognate with Gothic ???????????????????? (gilþa, “sickle”). Compare the archaic German Gelze (“castrated swine”) and gelzen (“castrate”), Danish galt (“castrated boar”) (from Old Norse g?ltr (“boar, hog”), cognate with English gilt) and gilde (“to geld”). "gelding" derives from Old Norse geldingr.

Verb

geld (third-person singular simple present gelds, present participle gelding, simple past and past participle gelded or gelt)

1. (transitive) To castrate a male (usually an animal).
2. (transitive, figuratively) To deprive of anything essential; to weaken.

Translations

Noun

geld (plural gelds)

1. A female animal, such as a ewe or cow, that is not pregnant.

References

Afrikaans

Etymology

From Dutch geld (“money”), from Middle Dutch gelt, from Old Dutch geld, from Proto-Germanic *geld?, cognate with German Geld (“money”), Old Norse gjald (“payment”), Gothic ???????????????? (gild, “tribute”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /??lt/

Noun

geld (plural geld)

1. money

Descendants

• ? Sotho: tjhelete
• ? Venda: tshelede

Dutch

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /??lt/, (Northern Dutch) [x?lt], (Southern Dutch) [??lt]
• Hyphenation: geld
• Rhymes: -?lt

Etymology 1

From Middle Dutch gelt, gheld, ghelt, from Old Dutch geld, from Proto-West Germanic *geld, from Proto-Germanic *geld? (“reward, gift, money”), from Proto-Indo-European *g?eld?- (“to pay”).

Noun

geld n (plural gelden)

1. money

   Synonyms: doekoe, poen

Derived terms

Descendants

• Afrikaans: geld

Etymology 2

From Middle Dutch gelde, probably borrowed from Old Norse geldr (“barren, yielding no milk”), from Proto-Germanic *galdaz, *galdijaz (“barren, unfruitful”). The ultimate origin is uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *g?el- (“to cut”), or from *g?el- (“to shout, cry”).

Adjective

geld (not comparable)

1. (obsolete, of female animals) not pregnant

   Antonym: drachtig

2. (obsolete, of fish) male

Inflection

Alternative forms

• gelt (obsolete)

Descendants

• ? West Frisian: geld

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the main entry.

Verb

geld

1. first-person singular present indicative of gelden
2. imperative of gelden

References

Icelandic

Verb

geld

1. first-person singular present indicative of gjalda

Scots

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [??l(d)]

Adjective

geld (comparative mair geld, superlative maist geld)

1. Alternative form of yeld