different between utter vs radical

English

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /??t?/, [??t?]
• (US) IPA^(key): /??t?/, [????]
• Rhymes: -?t?(?)

Etymology 1

From Old English ?tera, comparative of ?t (“out”). Compare outer.

Adjective

utter (not comparable)

1. (now poetic, literary) Outer; furthest out, most remote. [from 10th c.]
2. (obsolete) Outward. [13th–16th c.]
   • 1526, William Tyndale, trans. Bible, Matthew XXIII:

     Wo be to you scrybes and pharises ypocrites, for ye make clene the utter side off the cuppe, and off the platter: but within they are full of brybery and excesse.

   • 1596, Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene, IV.10:

     So forth without impediment I past, / Till to the Bridges utter gate I came […] .

3. Absolute, unconditional, total, complete. [from 15th c.]

   utter ruin; utter darkness

   • 1708, Francis Atterbury, Fourteen Sermons Preach'd on Several Occasions : Preface

     They […] are utter strangers to all those anxious […] thoughts which […] disquiet mankind.

Synonyms

• see also Thesaurus:total

Derived terms

Translations

Etymology 2

Partly from out (adverb, verb), partly from Middle Dutch uteren.

Verb

utter (third-person singular simple present utters, present participle uttering, simple past and past participle uttered)

1. (transitive) To produce (speech or other sounds) with one's voice.

   Synonyms: let out, say, speak

   Don't you utter another word!

   • 1611, King James Version of the Bible, Proverbs 1.20,^[2]

     Wisdom crieth without; she uttereth her voice in the streets:

   • 1748, Tobias Smollett, The Adventures of Roderick Random, London: J. Osborn, Volume 2, Chapter 50, p. 156,^[3]

     […] he made no other reply, for some time, than lifting up his eyes, clasping his hands, and uttering a hollow groan.

   • 1868, Louisa May Alcott, Little Women, Boston: Roberts Brothers, Volume 1, Chapter 17, p. 263,^[4]

     […] Laurie slyly pulled the parrot’s tail, which caused Polly to utter an astonished croak,
2. (transitive) To reveal or express (an idea, thought, desire, etc.) with speech.

   Synonyms: declare, say, tell

   • 1644, John Milton, Areopagitica, London, p. 35,^[5]

     Give me the liberty to know, to utter, and to argue freely according to conscience, above all liberties.

   • 1749, Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, Dublin: John Smith, Volume 1, Book 2, Chapter 6, p. 77,^[6]

     […] tho’ a few odd Fellows will utter their own Sentiments in all Places, yet much the greater Part of Mankind have enough of the Courtier to accommodate their Conversation to the Taste and Inclination of their Superiors.

   • 1871, George Eliot, Middlemarch, Edinburgh: William Blackwood, Volume 4, Part 2, Book 8, Chapter 83, p. 323,^[7]

     Each had been full of thoughts which neither of them could begin to utter.

   • 1959, Muriel Spark, Memento Mori, New York: Time, 1964, Chapter , p. 213,^[8]

     “Your master,” he declared, “has uttered a damnable lie about a dead friend of mine.”

   • 1995, Rohinton Mistry, A Fine Balance, Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, Part 11, p. 528,^[9]

     “Don’t worry about me,” he uttered with minimum lip movement.

3. (transitive, figuratively) To produce (a noise) (of an inanimate object).

   Synonyms: emit, let out

   Sally's car uttered a hideous shriek when she applied the brakes.

4. (transitive, obsolete) To spit or blow (something) out of one's mouth.
   • 1819, Washington Irving, “Rip van Winkle” in The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent., London: John Murray, 3rd ed., 1820, Volume 1, p. 79,^[10]

     He looked in vain for the sage Nicholas Vedder, with his broad face, double chin, and fair long pipe, uttering clouds of tobacco smoke instead of idle speeches;

   • 1821, Charles Lamb, “The Old Benchers of the Inner Temple” in The London Magazine, Volume 4, No. 21, September 1821, p. 280,^[11]

     Four little winged marble boys used to play their virgin fancies, spouting out ever fresh streams from their innocent-wanton lips, in the square of Lincoln’s-inn […] Are the stiff-wigged living figures, that still flitter and chatter about that area, less gothic in appearance? or, is the splutter of their hot rhetoric one half so refreshing and innocent, as the little cool playful streams those exploded cherubs uttered?

5. (transitive, obsolete) To emit or give off (breath).
   • c. 1595, William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Act IV, Scene 2,^[12]

     […] most dear actors, eat no onions nor garlic, for we are to utter sweet breath;

   • 1629, William Davenant, The Tragedy of Albovine, King of the Lombards, London: R. Moore, Act I, Scene 1,^[13]

     […] now the King forsakes

     The Campe, he must maintaine luxurious mouthes,

     Such as can vtter perfum’d breath,

6. (transitive, archaic) To shed (a tear or tears).
   • 1615, Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher, Cupid’s Revenge, London: Josias Harrison, Act V, Scene 1,^[14]

     […] weepe now or neuer, thou hast made more sorrowes then we haue eyes to vtter.

   • 1928, Robert Byron, The Station: Travels to the Holy Mountain of Greece, Bloomsbury, 2010, Chapter 6,^[15]

     […] a mythological matron, in a classical helmet, uttering a tear at a rustic cross bound in blue and white ribbons and inscribed TO THE FALLEN—1912,

7. (transitive, obsolete) To offer (something) for sale; to sell.
   • 1577, Raphael Holinshed et al., Holinshed's Chronicles, London: John Hunne, The History of Ireland,^[16]

     […] certayne Merchants […] obteyned licence safely to arriue here in Ireland with their wares, and to vtter the same.

   • c. 1594, Romeo and Juliet, Act V, Scene 1,^[17]

     Such mortal drugs I have; but Mantua’s law

     Is death to any he that utters them.

   • 1605, Francis Bacon, The Advancement of Learning, London: Henry Tomes, Book 2, p. 72,^[18]

     […] at the Olimpian games […] some cam as Merchants to vtter their commodities,

   • 1722, Daniel Defoe, A Journal of the Plague Year, London: E. Nutt et al., p. 51,^[19]

     No infected Stuff [i.e. items made of cloth] to be uttered.

8. (transitive, obsolete) To put (currency) into circulation.

   Synonym: circulate

   • 1564, Proclamation of Elizabeth I of England dated November, 1564, London: Richard Jugge and John Cawood, 1565,^[20]

     […] there are […] forrayne peeces of golde, of the like quantitie and fashion (although of lesse value) lyke to an Englyshe Angell, brought hyther, and here vttered and payde for ten shyllynges of syluer, beyng for they lacke of wayght, and for the basenesse of the allay, not worth. vii. shillinges, to the great deceite and losse of the subiectes of this her Realme:

   • 1735, Jonathan Swift, Drapier’s Letters, Letter 3, in The Works of Jonathan Swift, Dublin: George Faulkner, Volume 4, p. 123,^[21]

     There is nothing remaining to preserve us from Ruin, but that the whole Kingdom should continue in a firm determinate Resolution never to receive or utter this FATAL Coin:

   • 1842, cited in Supplement to The Jurist, containing a Digest of All the Reported Cases […] published during the year 1842, p. 49,^[22]

     If two persons jointly prepare counterfeit coin, and then utter it in different shops, apart from each other, but in concert, and intending to share the proceeds, the utterings of each are the joint utterings of both, and they may be convicted jointly.

9. (transitive, obsolete) To show (something that has been hidden); to reveal the identity of (someone).
   • 1535, Miles Coverdale, Coverdale Bible, Genesis 45.1,^[23]

     […] there stode no man by him, whan Ioseph vttred him self vnto his brethren.

   • 1561, William Whittingham et al. (translators), Geneva Bible, Mark 3.12,^[24]

     And he [Jesus] sharpely rebuked them [the unclean spirits], to the end they shulde not vtter him.

10. (transitive, obsolete) To send or put (something) out.
    • 1548, Edward Hall, The Union of the Two Noble and Illustre Famelies of Lancastre [and] Yorke, London: Richard Grafton, Henry VI, year 37,^[25]

      As fier beyng enclosed in a strayte place, wil by force vtter his flamme […]

    • 1579, Edmund Spenser, The Shepheardes Calender, London: Hugh Singleton, “March,” Aegloga Tertia,^[26]

      Seest not thilke same Hawthorne studde,

      How bragly it beginnes to budde,

      And vtter his tender head?

Synonyms

Derived terms

Translations

Swedish

Etymology

From Old Norse otr, from Proto-Germanic *utraz, from Proto-Indo-European *udrós (“water-animal, otter”), from *wed- (“water”).

Noun

utter c

1. otter; a mammal of the family Mustelidae

Declension

English

Etymology

From French radical, from Late Latin r?d?c?lis (“of or pertaining to the root, having roots, radical”), from Latin r?dix (“root”); see radix.

Pronunciation

• enPR: r?d??k-?l, IPA^(key): /??æd?k?l/
• Homophone: radicle

Adjective

radical (comparative more radical, superlative most radical)

1. Favoring fundamental change, or change at the root cause of a matter.

2. (botany, not comparable) Pertaining to a root (of a plant).
3. Pertaining to the basic or intrinsic nature of something.
   • 1790, Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France

     The most determined exertions of that authority, against them, only showed their radical independence.

   Synonym: fundamental

   Antonyms: ignorable, trivial

4. Thoroughgoing; far-reaching.

5. (lexicography, not comparable) Of or pertaining to the root of a word.
6. (phonology, phonetics, not comparable, of a sound) Produced using the root of the tongue.

   Coordinate terms: coronal, dorsal, labial, laryngeal

7. (chemistry, not comparable) Involving free radicals.
8. (mathematics) Relating to a radix or mathematical root.

9. (slang, 1980s & 1990s) Excellent; awesome.

Synonyms

• (linguistics, in reference to words): primitive

Antonyms

• (linguistics, in reference to words): derivative, derived

Derived terms

Related terms

Translations

Noun

radical (plural radicals)

1. (historical, 19th-century Britain) A member of the most progressive wing of the Liberal Party; someone favouring social reform (but generally stopping short of socialism).
2. (historical, early 20th-century France) A member of an influential, centrist political party favouring moderate social reform, a republican constitution, and secular politics.
3. A person with radical opinions.
4. (arithmetic) A root (of a number or quantity).
6. (linguistics) In logographic writing systems such as the Chinese writing system, the portion of a character (if any) that provides an indication of its meaning, as opposed to phonetic.
7. (linguistics) In Semitic languages, any one of the set of consonants (typically three) that make up a root.
8. (chemistry) A group of atoms, joined by covalent bonds, that take part in reactions as a single unit.
9. (organic chemistry) A free radical.
10. (algebra, commutative algebra, ring theory, of an ideal) Given an ideal I in a commutative ring R, another ideal, denoted Rad(I) or ${\displaystyle {\sqrt {I}}}$, such that an element x ? R is in Rad(I) if, for some positive integer n, xⁿ ? I; equivalently, the intersection of all prime ideals containing I.
11. (algebra, ring theory, of a ring) Given a ring R, an ideal containing elements of R that share a property considered, in some sense, "not good".
12. (algebra, ring theory, of a module) The intersection of maximal submodules of a given module.
13. (number theory) The product of the distinct prime factors of a given positive integer.

Derived terms

Related terms

• nilradical

Translations

References

• radical in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913.
• radical in The Century Dictionary, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911.
• "radical" in Raymond Williams, Keywords (revised), 1983, Fontana Press, page 251.

Further reading

• Radical on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• Radical of an ideal on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• Radical of a ring on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• Radical of a module on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• Radical of an integer on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• Radical of an ideal on Encyclopedia of Mathematics
• Ideal Radical on Wolfram MathWorld

Anagrams

• aldaric, cardial

Catalan

Pronunciation

• (Balearic, Central) IPA^(key): /r?.di?kal/
• (Valencian) IPA^(key): /ra.di?kal/

Adjective

radical (masculine and feminine plural radicals)

1. radical

Derived terms

• radicalment
• radicalisme
• radicalitzar

Noun

radical m or f (plural radicals)

1. radical

Further reading

• “radical” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
• “radical” in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana.
• “radical” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
• “radical” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

French

Etymology

Borrowed from Late Latin r?d?c?lis.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /?a.di.kal/
• Rhymes: -al
• Homophones: radicale, radicales

Adjective

radical (feminine singular radicale, masculine plural radicaux, feminine plural radicales)

1. radical

Noun

radical m (plural radicaux)

1. (linguistics, grammar) radical, root

Further reading

• “radical” in Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).

Galician

Pronunciation

Noun

radical m (plural radicais)

1. radical (in various senses)

Derived terms

• radicalismo
• radicalizar
• radicalmente

Further reading

• “radical” in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega, Royal Galician Academy.

Portuguese

Pronunciation

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /?ad??i?kaw/
• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /??ði?ka?/
• Hyphenation: ra?di?cal

Noun

radical m (plural radicais)

1. (linguistic morphology) root (primary lexical unit of a word)

   Synonym: raiz

Noun

radical m, f (plural radicais)

1. radical (person holding unorthodox views)

   Synonym: extremista

Adjective

radical m or f (plural radicais, comparable)

1. radical (favouring fundamental change)
2. drastic; extreme
3. (Brazil, slang) excellent; awesome; thrilling
4. (sports) extreme (dangerous)

Derived terms

• radicalismo
• radicalizar
• radicalmente

Further reading

• “radical” in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa.

Romanian

Adjective

radical m or n (feminine singular radical?, masculine plural radicali, feminine and neuter plural radicale)

1. radical

Declension

Related terms

• radicalist
• radicaliza

Spanish

Etymology

From Latin r?d?c?lis or Latin r?d?x + Spanish suffix -al.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /radi?kal/, [ra.ð?i?kal]
• Hyphenation: ra?di?cal

Adjective

radical (plural radicales)

1. radical, seismic

Derived terms

• radicalismo
• radicalizar
• radicalmente

Noun

radical m (plural radicales)

1. radical

Derived terms

Further reading

• “radical” in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014.