different between theory vs developmentalism

English

Etymology

From Middle French théorie, from Late Latin the?ria, from Ancient Greek ?????? (the?ría, “contemplation, speculation, a looking at, things looked at”), from ?????? (the?ré?, “I look at, view, consider, examine”), from ?????? (the?rós, “spectator”), from ??? (théa, “view”) + ???? (horá?, “I see, look”) [i. e. ???? ???? (théan horá?, “see, look at a view; survey + genitive”)].

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation, General Australian) IPA^(key): /?????i/, /??i???i/, /????i/
• (General American) IPA^(key): /??i???i/, /????i/

• Rhymes: -??ri

Noun

theory (countable and uncountable, plural theories)

1. A description of an event or system that is considered to be accurate.
2. (obsolete) Mental conception; reflection, consideration. [16th-18th c.]
   • 1646, Thomas Browne, Pseudodoxia Epidemica, VII.19:

     As they encrease the hatred of vice in some, so doe they enlarge the theory of wickednesse in all.

3. (sciences) A coherent statement or set of ideas that explains observed facts or phenomena and correctly predicts new facts or phenomena not previously observed, or which sets out the laws and principles of something known or observed; a hypothesis confirmed by observation, experiment etc. [from 17th c.]
   • 1843, John Stuart Mill, ""A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, ..., Bk V, Ch 7:

     In its most proper acceptation, theory means the completed result of philosophical induction from experience.

   • 2002, Duncan Steel, The Guardian, 23 May 2002:

     It was only when Einstein's theory of relativity was published in 1915 that physicists could show that Mercury's "anomaly" was actually because Newton's gravitational theory was incomplete.

   • 2003, Bill Bryson, A Short History of Nearly Everything, BCA, p. 118:

     The world would need additional decades [...] before the Big Bang would begin to move from interesting idea to established theory.

   • 2009, Richard Dawkins, The Greatest Show On Earth: The Evidence for Evolution, Bantam, p. 10:

     Scientists and creationists are understanding the word "theory" in two very different senses. Evolution is a theory in the same sense as the heliocentric theory. In neither case should the word "only" be used, as in "only a theory".
4. (uncountable) The underlying principles or methods of a given technical skill, art etc., as opposed to its practice. [from 17th c.]
5. (mathematics) A field of study attempting to exhaustively describe a particular class of constructs. [from 18th c.]

   Knot theory classifies the mappings of a circle into 3-space.

6. A hypothesis or conjecture. [from 18th c.]
   • 2003, Sean Coughlan, The Guardian, 21 Jun 2003:

     The theory is that by stripping costs to the bone, they are able to offer ludicrously low fares.

7. (countable, logic) A set of axioms together with all statements derivable from them; or, a set of statements which are deductively closed. Equivalently, a formal language plus a set of axioms (from which can then be derived theorems). The statements may be required to all be bound (i.e., to have no free variables).

   A theory is consistent if it has a model.

Usage notes

In scientific discourse, the sense “unproven conjecture” is discouraged (with hypothesis or conjecture preferred), due to unintentional ambiguity and intentional equivocation with the sense “well-developed statement or structure”.

Synonyms

• See also Thesaurus:supposition

Hyponyms

Meronyms

• (in logic): axioms

Holonyms

• (in logic): formal system

Related terms

Translations

See also

• axiom
• postulate
• proposition

References

• theory at OneLook Dictionary Search
• theory in Keywords for Today: A 21st Century Vocabulary, edited by The Keywords Project, Colin MacCabe, Holly Yanacek, 2018.
• "theory" in Raymond Williams, Keywords (revised), 1983, Fontana Press, page 316.
• theory in The Century Dictionary, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911.

Anagrams

• Yother, thyreo-

English

Etymology

developmental +? -ism

Noun

developmentalism (uncountable)

1. An economic theory which states that the best way for Third World countries to develop is through fostering a strong and varied internal market and imposing high tariffs on imported goods.
   • 2006, Mark Mattern, Putting Ideas to Work, Rowman & Littlefield (?ISBN), page 325:

     Most fundamentally, Sachs argues, developmentalism advocates the wrong values. Under developmentalism, the economy dominates society rather than the more rational opposite.

   • 2007, Costas Lapavitsas, Beyond Market-Driven Development, Routledge (?ISBN)

     Nevertheless, the strong political reasons which supported developmentalism had vanished before the World Bank made its diagnosis.

   • 2014, Sumi Madhok, Rethinking Agency: Developmentalism, Gender and Rights, Routledge (?ISBN)

     By invoking developmentalism as more than a statist project for economic growth and one that is also led by an imperative to generate well-being among citizens, I focus on the discursive and other practices through which developmentalism is experienced as a condition, a mode of being and a lived experience.

Translations

Further reading

• developmentalism on Wikipedia.Wikipedia