different between synergy vs complementarity

English

Etymology

From Ancient Greek ???????? (sunergía, “cooperation”), from ??? (sún, “with, together”) + ????? (érgon, “work”).

Pronunciation

• (UK) IPA^(key): /?s?n?d?i/
• (US) enPR: s?n??r-j?, IPA^(key): /?s?n?d?i/

Noun

synergy (countable and uncountable, plural synergies)

1. (systems theory) A synonym of binding energy.
   • 1986, John Andrew Dillon (Society for General Systems Research). Proceedings of the International Conference on Mental Images, Values, & Reality. Vol. 1, Intersystems Publications, p. D-7

     Depending on the initial condition of the system (initial alphabet and number of elements) the co-evolution of nested local and global hierarchies continues until the system reaches a maximum value of complexity. At least for nuclear systems a quantitative variable called "complexity" can be defined, which increases in an irreversible manner during stellar evolution (Winiwarter, 1983). This variable C is composed of an informational measure I describing the variety of the computed formulas and an energetic measure R describing the relative binding energy or "synergy" permitting the coherence of the system.

   • 2009, J.-C. Spender, "Organizational Knowledge, Collective Practice and Penrose Rents", in Michael H. Zack (ed.), Knowledge and Strategy, Routledge, 2009, p. 125

     In short, synergy is the consequence of the energy expended in creating order. It is locked up in the viable system created, be it an organism or a social system. It is at the level of the system. It is not discernible at the level of the system. It is not discernible at the level of the system's components. Whenever the system is dismembered to examine its components, this binding energy dissipates. An ordered library offers systemic possibilities, such as rapid search, selection, and aggregation, that cannot be explained by looking at the books themselves. These possibilities only exist because of the investment made in defining and creating interrelations between the books, their physical arrangement and the catalogues.

2. (physiology) The cooperation of two or more nerves, muscles, organs, etc.

   the digestive synergy

3. (pharmacology) The combined action of two or more drugs where the effects are stronger than their mere sum.
4. (figuratively) Benefits resulting from combining different groups, people, objects or processes.

Synonyms

• binding energy (in systems theory)

Antonyms

• asynergy (absence of synergy)
• antisynergy

Related terms

Translations

Further reading

• synergy on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• synergy in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913.
• synergy in The Century Dictionary, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911.

References

English

Etymology

complementary +? -ity.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /?k?mpl?m?n?tæ??ti/, /?k?mpl?m?n?t????ti/

Noun

complementarity (countable and uncountable, plural complementarities)

1. The state or characteristic of being complementary.
   • 1987 April 2, Kenneth N. Gilpin, "2 Forecasting Firms to Merge," New York Times (retrieved 1 April 2014):

     "Synergy is one of the most overused words in the English language, but there is a tremendous complementarity to these organizations."

2. (linguistics, philosophy, semantics) A semantic relationship between two words wherein negative use of one entails the affirmative of the other with no gradability; the relation of binary antonyms.

Translations