different between standard vs dialect

English

Etymology

From Middle English, from the Old French estandart (“gathering place, battle flag”), from Old Frankish *standhard (literally “stand firm, stand hard”), equivalent to stand +? -ard. Alternative etymology derives the second element from Old Frankish *ord (“point, spot, place”) (compare Old English ord (“point, source, vanguard”), German Standort (“location, place, site, position, base”, literally “standing-point”)). More at stand, hard, ord.

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /?stænd?d/
• (General American) IPA^(key): /?stænd??d/, [?ste?nd?d]
• Hyphenation: stan?dard

Adjective

standard (comparative more standard, superlative most standard)

1. Falling within an accepted range of size, amount, power, quality, etc.
2. (of a tree or shrub) Growing alone as a free-standing plant; not trained on a post etc.
   • 1863, Anthony Trollope, Rachel Ray:

     There are women who cannot grow alone as standard trees;—for whom the support and warmth of some wall, some paling, some post, is absolutely necessary […].

3. Having recognized excellence or authority.

   standard works in history; standard authors

4. Of a usable or serviceable grade or quality.
5. (not comparable, of a motor vehicle) Having a manual transmission.
6. As normally supplied (not optional).
7. (linguistics) Conforming to the standard variety.

Antonyms

• nonstandard, non-standard

Derived terms

Related terms

Translations

Noun

standard (plural standards)

1. A principle or example or measure used for comparison.
   1. A level of quality or attainment.
   2. Something used as a measure for comparative evaluations; a model.
      • 1712, Jonathan Swift, A Proposal For Correcting, Improving, and Ascertaining the English Tongue

        the court, which used to be the standard of propriety and correctness of speech

      • 1790, Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France

        A disposition to preserve, and an ability to improve, taken together, would be my standard of a statesman.

   3. A musical work of established popularity.
   4. A rule or set of rules or requirements which are widely agreed upon or imposed by government.
   5. The proportion of weights of fine metal and alloy established for coinage.
      • 1727, John Arbuthnot, Tables of Ancient Coins, Weights and Measures. Explain'd and exemplify'd in several dissertations

        By the present standard of the coinage, sixty-two shillings is coined out of one pound weight of silver.

   6. A bottle of wine containing 0.750 liters of fluid.
   7. (India) Grade level in primary education.

2. A vertical pole with something at its apex.
   1. An object supported in an upright position, such as a lamp standard.
   2. The flag or ensign carried by a military unit.

      • His armies, in the following day, / On those fair plains their standards proud display.

   3. One of the upright members that supports the horizontal axis of a transit or theodolite.
   4. Any upright support, such as one of the poles of a scaffold.
   5. A tree of natural size supported by its own stem, and not dwarfed by grafting on the stock of a smaller species nor trained upon a wall or trellis.
   6. The sheth of a plough.
3. A manual transmission vehicle.
4. (botany) The upper petal or banner of a papilionaceous corolla.
5. (shipbuilding) An inverted knee timber placed upon the deck instead of beneath it, with its vertical branch turned upward from that which lies horizontally.
6. A large drinking cup.
7. (sociolinguistics) standard idiom, a prestigious or standardized language variety; standard language

Hyponyms

Derived terms

Descendants

Translations

Interjection

standard

1. (slang) An expression of agreement

References

Anagrams

• Randstad, sand dart

Czech

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [?standart]

Noun

standard m

1. standard

Related terms

See also

• norma
• m??ítko

Further reading

• standard in P?íru?ní slovník jazyka ?eského, 1935–1957
• standard in Slovník spisovného jazyka ?eského, 1960–1971, 1989

Danish

Etymology

From English standard.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /?stan?dar?t/, [?sd?an?d????d?]
• Homophone: standart

Noun

standard c (singular definite standarden, plural indefinite standarder)

1. standard

Inflection

French

Etymology

Borrowed from English standard.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /st??.da?/

Noun

standard m (plural standards)

1. standard
2. switchboard

Adjective

standard (feminine singular standarde, masculine plural standards, feminine plural standardes)

1. standard

Usage notes

• Often treated as invariable (with the single form standard used for masculine and feminine, singular and plural), but dictionary accounts vary.

Synonyms

• normal

References

Further reading

• “standard” in Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).

Italian

Alternative forms

• standar (misspelling)

Etymology

Borrowed from English.

Adjective

standard (invariable)

1. standard

Noun

standard m (invariable)

1. standard

Related terms

• standardizzare
• standardizzazione

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

From Old French estandart, via English standard

Adjective

standard (singular and plural standard, comparative mer standard, superlative mest standard)

1. standard

Noun

standard m (definite singular standarden, indefinite plural standarder, definite plural standardene)

1. a standard

Derived terms

• levestandard

References

• “standard” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
• “standard_1” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).
• “standard_2” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From Old French estandart, via English standard

Adjective

standard (singular and plural standard, comparative meir standard, superlative mest standard)

1. standard

Noun

standard m (definite singular standarden, indefinite plural standardar, definite plural standardane)

1. a standard

Derived terms

• levestandard

References

• “standard” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Polish

Etymology

From English standard, from Middle English, from Old French estandart (“gathering place, battle flag”), from Old Frankish *standhard (literally “stand firm, stand hard”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /?stan.dart/

Noun

standard m inan

1. standard

Declension

Derived terms

• (noun) standaryzacja
• (adjective) standardowy

Further reading

• standard in Wielki s?ownik j?zyka polskiego, Instytut J?zyka Polskiego PAN
• standard in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Romanian

Etymology

From French standard.

Noun

standard n (plural standarde)

1. standard

Declension

Serbo-Croatian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /st?ndard/
• Hyphenation: stan?dard

Noun

stàndard m (Cyrillic spelling ?????????)

1. standard

Declension

Swedish

Noun

standard c

1. a standard, a norm

Declension

Related terms

• standardisera

See also

• standar

English

Etymology

From Middle French dialecte, from Latin dialectos, dialectus, from Ancient Greek ????????? (diálektos, “conversation, the language of a country or a place or a nation, the local idiom which derives from a dominant language”), from ?????????? (dialégomai, “I participate in a dialogue”), from ??? (diá, “inter, through”) + ???? (lég?, “I speak”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /?da?.??l?kt/

Noun

dialect (plural dialects)

1. (linguistics) A variety of a language that is characteristic of a particular area, community, or social group, differing from other varieties of the same language in relatively minor ways as regards grammar, phonology, and lexicon.

   Hyponyms: sociolect, ethnolect, regiolect, geolect
2. (derogatory) Language that is perceived as substandard or wrong.
3. (colloquial) A language existing only in an oral or non-standardized form, especially a language spoken in a developing country or an isolated region.

   Synonym: vernacular

4. (colloquial) A lect (often a regional or minority language) as part of a group or family of languages, especially if they are viewed as a single language, or if contrasted with a standardized idiom that is considered the 'true' form of the language (for example, Cantonese as contrasted with Mandarin Chinese, or Bavarian as contrasted with Standard German).

   Synonyms: vernacular, (often derogatory) patois

5. (computing, programming) A variant of a non-standardized programming language.

6. (ornithology) A variant form of the vocalizations of a bird species restricted to a certain area or population.

Usage notes

• In some linguistic traditions, the term "dialect" is restricted to nonstandard lects. In scholarly English usage, it refers to both standardized and vernacular forms of language.
• The difference between a language and a dialect is not always clear, and often has more to do with political boundaries than with linguistic differences. It is generally considered that people who speak different dialects of the same language can understand each other, while people who speak different languages cannot, however, in some cases, people who speak different dialects of the same language are mutually unintelligible. Compare species in the biological sense.

Derived terms

Related terms

Translations

Meronyms

• idiolect

See also

• dialogue

References

Further reading

• "dialect" in Raymond Williams, Keywords (revised), 1983, Fontana Press, page 105.
• Crystal, David (2008) , “dialect”, in A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 6 edition, Blackwell Publishing, ?ISBN
• Fodde Melis, Luisanna; (2002) Race, Ethnicity and Dialects: Language Policy and Ethnic Minorities in the United States, FrancoAngeli, ?ISBN

Anagrams

• citadel, dactile, deltaic, edictal, lactide

Dutch

Etymology

From Middle French dialecte, from Latin dialectos, dialectus, from Ancient Greek ????????? (diálektos, “conversation, the language of a country or a place or a nation, the local idiom which derives from a dominant language”), from ?????????? (dialégomai, “I participate in a dialogue”), from ??? (diá, “inter, through”) + ???? (lég?, “I speak”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /?dija??l?kt/
• Hyphenation: di?a?lect
• Rhymes: -?kt

Noun

dialect n (plural dialecten, diminutive dialectje n)

1. (linguistics) dialect (language variety)
2. non-standard dialect; vernacular

   Synonyms: streektaal, mondaard

Derived terms

• dialectgroep

Descendants

• Afrikaans: dialek
• ? Indonesian: dialek

Anagrams

• citadel

Romanian

Etymology

From French dialecte.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /di.a?lekt/

Noun

dialect n (plural dialecte)

1. (linguistics) language socially subordinate to a regional or national standard language, often historically cognate to the standard, but not a variety of it or in any other sense derived from it
2. (colloquial) dialect

Declension

Derived terms

• subdialect

See also

• idiom, grai, limbaj, limb?