different between sickly vs lean

English

Etymology

From Middle English seekly, sekely, siklich, sekeliche, equivalent to sick +? -ly. Possibly a modification of Old English s?cle (“sickly”) and/or derived from Old Norse sjúkligr (“sickly”). Cognate with Dutch ziekelijk, Middle High German siechlich, Danish sygelig, Swedish sjuklig, Icelandic sjúklegur.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /?s?kli/

Adjective

sickly (comparative sicklier, superlative sickliest)

1. Frequently ill or in poor health.
   • 1759, Tobias Smollett, letter dated 16 March, 1759, in James Boswell, The Life of Samuel Johnson, London: Charles Dilly, 1791, Volume 1, p. 190,^[1]

     [...] the boy is a sickly lad, of a delicate frame, and particularly subject to a malady in his throat, which renders him very unfit for his Majesty’s service.

   • 1813, Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, London: T. Egerton, Volume 1, Chapter 14, p. 151,^[2]

     She is unfortunately of a sickly constitution, which has prevented her making that progress in many accomplishments which she could not otherwise have failed of;

   • 1982, Anne Tyler, Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant, New York: Ballantine, 2008, Chapter 1, p. 4,^[3]

     [...] the sharp-scented bottle of crystals that sickly Cousin Bertha had carried to ward off fainting spells.

2. Not in good health; (somewhat) sick.
   • c. 1599, William Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, Act II, Scene 4,^[4]

     Yes, bring me word, boy, if thy lord look well,

     For he went sickly forth:

   • 1611, King James Version of the Bible, 1 Corinthians 11.30,^[5]

     For this cause many are weak and sickly among you, and many sleep [i.e. have died].

   • 1782, Samuel Johnson, letter dated 20 March, 1782, in James Boswell, The Life of Samuel Johnson, London: Charles Dilly, 1791, Volume 2, p. 419,^[6]

     The season was dreary, I was sickly, and found the friends sickly whom I went to see.

   • 1850, Charlotte Brontë, letter dated 29 April, 1850, in Elizabeth Gaskell, The Life of Charlotte Brontë, London: Smith, Elder, 1857, Chapter 6, p. 157,^[7]

     Papa continues far from well; he is often very sickly in the morning,

   • 1958, Muriel Spark, Robinson, New York: New Directions, 2003, Chapter 9, p. 128,^[8]

     Miguel’s temperature was normal that day, though he was still sickly and restless.

3. (of a plant) Characterized by poor or unhealthy growth.
   • 1931, Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth, New York: Modern Library, 1944, Chapter 27, p. 236,^[9]

     [...] the good wheat on this land had turned sickly and yellow.

   • 1962, Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, Chapter 6, p. 79,^[10]

     With the aid of the marigolds the roses flourished; in the control beds they were sickly and drooping.

4. Appearing ill, infirm or unhealthy; giving the appearance of illness.
   • 1782, Frances Burney, Cecilia, London: T. Payne and Son, and T. Cadell, Volume 1, Book 1, Chapter 9, p. 121,^[11]

     [...] she exhibited a countenance so wretched, and a complection so sickly, that Cecilia was impressed with horror at the sight.

   • 1791, Elizabeth Inchbald, A Simple Story, London: G.G.J. and J. Robinson, Volume 3, Chapter 12, p. 161-162,^[12]

     [...] he saw him arrive with his usual florid appearance: had he come pale and sickly, Sandford had been kind to him; but in apparent good health and spirits, he could not form his mouth to tell him he was “glad to see him.”

   • 1961, Joseph Heller, Catch-22, New York: Dell, Chapter 39,^[13]

     Yossarian [...] could not wipe from his mind the excruciating image of the barefoot boy with sickly cheeks [...]

5. Shedding a relatively small amount of light; (of light) not very bright.

   Synonyms: faint, pale, wan

   • 1665, John Dryden, The Indian Emperour, London: H. Herringman, 1667, Act II, p. 17,^[14]

     The Moon grows sickly at the sight of day.

   • 1757, Thomas Gray, Odes, Dublin: G. Faulkner and J. Rudd, p. 5,^[15]

     Night, and all her sickly dews,

     Her Spectres wan, and Birds of boding cry,

   • 1872, Mark Twain, Roughing It, Hartford: American Publishing Company, Chapter 32, p. 235,^[16]

     [The match] lit, burned blue and sickly, and then budded into a robust flame.

   • 2006, Sarah Waters, The Night Watch, London: Virago, “1944,” section 2, p. 226,^[17]

     Duncan saw the men through a haze of wire and cigarette smoke and sickly, artificial light;

6. Lacking intensity or vigour.

   Synonyms: faint, feeble, insipid, weak

   • 1730, James Thomson, The Tragedy of Sophonisba, London: A. Millar, Act II, Scene 1, p. 19,^[18]

     What man of soul would [...] run,

     Day after day, the still-returning round

     Of life’s mean offices, and sickly joys;

     But in compassion to mankind?

   • 1779, Hannah More, The Fatal Falsehood, London: T. Cadell, Act II, p. 27,^[19]

     [...] my credulous heart

     [...] fondly loves to cherish

     The feeble glimmering of a sickly hope.

   • 1961, Robert A. Heinlein, Stranger in a Strange Land, Chapter 19,^[20]

     He held a vast but carefully concealed distaste for all things American [...] their manners, their bastard architecture and sickly arts … and their blind, pathetic, arrogant belief in their superiority long after their sun had set.

7. Associated with poor moral or mental well-being.

   Synonym: unhealthy

   • 1766, Oliver Goldsmith, The Vicar of Wakefield, London: F. Newbery, Chapter 3, p. 27,^[21]

     The slightest distress, whether real or fictitious, touched him to the quick, and his soul laboured under a sickly sensibility of the miseries of others.

   • 1792, Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, London: J. Johnson, Part 1, Chapter 3, p. 77,^[22]

     These were not the ravings of imbecility, the sickly effusions of distempered brains;

   • 1890, Oscar Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray, London: Ward, Lock, 1891, Chapter 2, p. 33,^[23]

     Don’t squander the gold of your days [...] trying to improve the hopeless failure, or giving away your life to the ignorant, the common, and the vulgar. These are the sickly aims, the false ideals, of our age.

   • 1964, Saul Bellow, Herzog, New York: Viking, p. 319,^[24]

     [...] I know how you came to despise all that sickly Wagnerian idiocy and bombast.

   • 2018, Anna Burns, Milkman, London: Faber & Faber, part 4,^[25]

     That he had some sickly compulsion neurosis, they said, was very plain for all eyes to see.

8. Tending to produce nausea.

   Synonyms: nauseating, sickening

   a sickly smell; sickly sentimentality

   • 1865, Christina Rossetti, “Amor Mundi” in Goblin Market; The Prince’s Progress; and Other Poems, London: Macmillan, 1875, p. 286,^[26]

     ‘Oh, what is that glides quickly where velvet flowers grow thickly,

     Their scent comes rich and sickly?’—‘A scaled and hooded worm.’

   • 1884, Mark Twain, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, New York: C. L. Webster, 1885, Chapter 23, pp. 197-198,^[27]

     [...] it warn’t no perfumery neither, not by a long sight. I smelt sickly eggs by the barrel, and rotten cabbages, and such things;

   • 1895, H. G. Wells, The Time Machine, London: Heinemann, Chapter 4, p. 32,^[28]

     [...] the sickly jarring and swaying of the machine [...] had absolutely upset my nerve.

   • 1944, Katherine Anne Porter, “The Leaning Tower” in The Leaning Tower and Other Stories, New York: Harcourt, Brace, p. 173,^[29]

     He had scanty discouraged hair the color of tow, and a sickly, unpleasant breath.

9. Overly sweet.

   Synonyms: cloying, saccharine

   • 1922, Sinclair Lewis, Babbitt, New York: Harcourt, Brace, Chapter 9, p. 123,^[30]

     [...] he was again tasting the sickly welter of melted ice cream on his plate.

   • 1950, Mervyn Peake, Gormenghast, New York: Ballantine, 1968, Chapter 80, p. 562,^[31]

     The honey tasted sickly in his mouth.

10. (obsolete) Marked by the occurrence of illness or disease (of a period of time).
    • c. 1600, William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Act III, Scene 3,[32]

      This physic but prolongs thy sickly days.

    • a. 1768, Laurence Sterne, undated letter in Original Letters, London: Logographic Press, 1788, pp. 110-111,^[33]

      [...] if I thought the sentiments of your last letter were not the sentiments of a sickly moment—if I could be made to believe, for an instant, that they proceeded from you, in a sober, reflecting condition of your mind—I should give you over as incurable,

    • 1798, Thomas Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population, London: J. Johnson, Chapter 7, p. 115,^[34]

      [...] the three years immediately following the last period [...] were years so sickly that the births were sunk to 10, 229, and the burials raised to 15, 068.

11. (obsolete) Tending to produce disease or poor health.

    Synonyms: insalubrious, unhealthy, unwholesome

    a sickly autumn; a sickly climate

    • 1782, William Cowper, “The Progress of Error” in Poems, London: J. Johnson, p. 54,^[35]

      Has some sickly eastern waste

      Sent us a wind to parch us at a blast?

    • 1867, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (translator), The Divine Comedy: Inferno, London: Routledge, Canto 20, lines 79-81, p. 64,^[36]

      Not far it [the water] runs before it finds a plain

      In which it spreads itself, and makes it marshy,

      And oft ’tis wont in summer to be sickly.

Derived terms

• sicklify
• sicklily
• sickliness

Translations

Verb

sickly (third-person singular simple present sicklies, present participle sicklying, simple past and past participle sicklied)

1. (transitive, archaic, literary) To make (something) sickly.
   • c. 1600, William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Act III, Scene 1,^[37]

     Thus conscience does make cowards of us all,

     And thus the native hue of resolution

     Is sicklied o’er with the pale cast of thought,

   • 1763, Charles Churchill, An Epistle to William Hogarth, London: for the author, p. 12,^[38]

     Thy Drudge contrives, and in our full career

     Sicklies our hopes with the pale hue of Fear;

   • 1840, S. M. Heaton, Thoughts on the Litany, by a naval officer’s orphan daughter, edited by George Heaton, London: William Edward Painter, Section 4, p. 58,^[39]

     […] a cancer gnawing at the root of happiness, defeating every aim at permanent good in this world, and sicklying all sublunary joys […]

   • 1862, Gail Hamilton, Country Living and Country Thinking, Boston: Ticknor and Fields, “Men and Women,” p. 109,^[40]

     He evidently thinks the sweet little innocents never heard or thought of such a thing before, and would go on burying their curly heads in books, and sicklying their rosy faces with “the pale cast of thought” till the end of time […]

   • 2000, Ninian Smart, World Philosophies, New York: Routledge, Chapter 9, p. 207,^[41]

     Ockham was critical of so many of his fellows for sicklying over theology with the obscurities of philosophy.

2. (intransitive, rare) To become sickly.
   • 1889, Samuel Cox, An Expositor’s Notebook, London: Richard D. Dickinson, 7th edition, Chapter 26, p. 364,^[42]

     But the seven most prominent Apostles […] still hang together, their hearts tormented with eager yet sad questionings, their hopes fast sicklying over with the pale hues of doubt.

Adverb

sickly (comparative more sickly, superlative most sickly)

1. In a sick manner; in a way that reflects or causes sickness.
   • 1818, John Keats, Endymion, London: Taylor and Hessey, Book 2, lines 859-861, p. 93,^[43]

     […] he sickly guess’d

     How lone he was once more, and sadly press’d

     His empty arms together […]

   • 1939, John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath, New York: Viking, 1962, Chapter , p. 364,^[44]

     The dazed man stared sickly at Casy.

   • 1961, Bernard Malamud, A New Life, Penguin, 1968, Chapter , p. 185,^[45]

     For ten brutal minutes he was in torment, then the pain gradually eased. He felt sickly limp but relieved, thankful for his good health.

   • 2010, Rowan Somerville, The End of Sleep New York: Norton, Chapter 9, p. 66,^[46]

     The creaseless horizontal face of the giant smiled sickly, leering.

English

Pronunciation

• enPR: l?n, IPA^(key): /li?n/
• Rhymes: -i?n
• Homophone: lien

Etymology 1

From Middle English lenen (“to lean”), from Old English hleonian, hlinian (“to lean, recline, lie down, rest”), from Proto-Germanic *hlin?n? (“to lean, incline”), from Proto-Indo-European *?ley-. Cognate via Proto-Germanic with Middle Dutch leunen (“to lean”), German lehnen (“to lean”); via Proto-Indo-European with climate, cline.

Verb

lean (third-person singular simple present leans, present participle leaning, simple past and past participle leaned or (UK) leant)

1. To incline, deviate, or bend, from a vertical position; to be in a position thus inclining or deviating.

2. (copulative) To incline in opinion or desire; to conform in conduct; often with to, toward, etc.
3. Followed by against, on, or upon: to rest or rely, for support, comfort, etc.
4. To hang outwards.
5. To press against.

Derived terms

Related terms

• climate
• cline

Translations

Noun

lean (plural leans)

1. (of an object taller than its width and depth) An inclination away from the vertical.

   The trees had various leans toward gaps in the canopy.

Synonyms

• (inclination away from vertical): tilt

Etymology 2

From Middle English lene (“lean”), from Old English hl?ne (“lean”), (cognate with Low German leen), perhaps from hl?nan (“to cause to lean (due to hunger or lack of food)”), from Proto-Germanic *hlainijan? (“to cause to lean”). If so, then related to Old English hlinian, hleonian (“to lean”).

Adjective

lean (comparative leaner, superlative leanest)

1. (of a person or animal) Slim; not fleshy.

   Synonyms: lithe, svelte, willowy; see also Thesaurus:slender

2. (of meat) Having little fat.

3. Having little extra or little to spare; scanty; meagre.

   Synonyms: insufficient, scarce, sparse; see also Thesaurus:inadequate

4. Having a low proportion or concentration of a desired substance or ingredient.

   Synonyms: deficient, dilute, poor

   Antonym: rich

5. (printing, archaic) Of a character which prevents the compositor from earning the usual wages; opposed to fat.

6. (business) Efficient, economic, frugal, agile, slimmed-down; pertaining to the modern industrial principles of "lean manufacturing"

Derived terms

• leanness
• leansome

Translations

Noun

lean (countable and uncountable, plural leans)

1. (uncountable) Meat with no fat on it.
   • 1639 or earlier, Anon, Jack Sprat

     Jack Sprat would eat no fat, / His wife would eat no lean.

2. (countable, biology) An organism that is lean in stature.
   • 1986, Southwest Fisheries Center (U.S.), Collected Reprints (issue 1)

     The intermediates and leans are the predominant morphotypes found at the SE-NHR seamounts […]

   • 2012, Obesity: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional (page 56)

     Obese Zuckers, compared to leans, consumed more food under free-feeding conditions.

Verb

lean (third-person singular simple present leans, present participle leaning, simple past and past participle leaned)

1. To thin out (a fuel-air mixture): to reduce the fuel flow into the mixture so that there is more air or oxygen.

Etymology 3

From Icelandic leyna? Akin to German leugnen (“deny”). Compare lie (“speak falsely”).

Verb

lean (third-person singular simple present leans, present participle leaning, simple past and past participle leaned)

1. To conceal.

References

Etymology 4

Probably from the verb to lean (see etymology 1 above), supposedly because consumption of the intoxicating beverage causes one to "lean".

Noun

lean (uncountable)

1. (slang, US) A recreational drug based on codeine-laced promethazine cough syrup, popular in the hip hop community in the southeastern United States.

   Synonyms: sizzurp, syrup, purple drank

See also

• lean on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

References

• lean in The Century Dictionary, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911.
• lean in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913.

Anagrams

• Alne, ELAN, Lane, Lena, Nale, Neal, elan, enal, lane, nale, neal, élan

Galician

Verb

lean

1. third-person plural present subjunctive of ler

Irish

Etymology

From Old Irish lenaid (“stays, sticks (to), follows”), from Proto-Celtic *linati (“stick”), from Proto-Indo-European *h?leyH- (“to smear”); compare Latin lin? (“anoint”), l?mus (“mud, slime”), Sanskrit ?????? (lin?ti, “sticks, stays”).

Pronunciation

• (Munster) IPA^(key): /l?an??/
• (Connacht, Ulster) IPA^(key): /l??an?/, /l??an??/

Verb

lean (present analytic leanann, future analytic leanfaidh, verbal noun leanúint, past participle leanta)

1. (transitive, intransitive) follow
2. continue

3. remain
4. endure

Conjugation

• Alternative verbal noun: leanacht (Cois Fharraige)

Derived terms

• folean
• leantóir

Further reading

• "lean" in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, An Gúm, 1977, by Niall Ó Dónaill.
• Gregory Toner, Maire Ní Mhaonaigh, Sharon Arbuthnot, Dagmar Wodtko, Maire-Luise Theuerkauf, editors (2019) , “lenaid”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Northern Sami

Pronunciation

• (Kautokeino) IPA^(key): /?lea?n/

Verb

lean

1. inflection of leat:
   1. first-person singular present indicative
   2. past indicative connegative

Old English

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /læ???n/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Germanic *laun?, from a suffixed form of Proto-Indo-European *leh?w- (“catch, plunder, profit”). Cognate with Old Frisian l?n, Old Saxon l?n, Dutch loon, Old High German l?n (German Lohn), Old Norse laun (Swedish lön), Gothic ???????????????? (laun). The Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek ???? (leía) (from *?????), Latin lucrum, Old Church Slavonic ???? (lov?) (Russian ??? (lov)), Old Irish lóg, Lithuanian lãvinti.

Noun

l?an n

1. reward

Declension

Derived terms

• i?l?an

Related terms

• l?anian

Etymology 2

From Proto-Germanic *lahan?. Cognate with Old Saxon lahan, Old High German lahan, Old Norse lá, Gothic ???????????????????? (laian).

Verb

l?an

1. (transitive) to blame, fault, reproach

Conjugation

Descendants

• Middle English: *l?en (attested in past tense lough)

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology

From Old Irish lenaid (“stays, sticks (to), follows”), from Proto-Celtic *linati (“stick”), from Proto-Indo-European *h?leyH- (“to smear”); compare Latin lin? (“anoint”), Sanskrit ?????? (lin?ti, “sticks, stays”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /??n/

Verb

lean (past lean, future leanaidh, verbal noun leantainn or leanmhainn, past participle leanta)

1. follow
2. continue, proceed

Derived terms

• fo-leantach (“subjunctive”)
• lean air (“continue”)
• ainlean (“persecute”)

Spanish

Verb

lean

1. Second-person plural (ustedes) imperative form of leer.
2. Second-person plural (ustedes) present subjunctive form of leer.
3. Third-person plural (ellos, ellas, also used with ustedes^?) present subjunctive form of leer.

West Frisian

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

lean n (plural leanen, diminutive leantsje)

1. wage, wages, salary
2. reward

Further reading

• “lean”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011