different between second vs sustain

English

Etymology 1

From Middle English secunde, second, secound, secund, borrowed from Old French second, seond, from Latin secundus (“following, next in order”), from root of sequor (“I follow”), from Proto-Indo-European *sek?- (“to follow”). Doublet of secundo. Displaced native twoth and partially displaced native other (from Old English ?þer (“other; next; second”)).

Alternative forms

• (number-two): 2nd, 2d, IInd; (in names of monarchs and popes) II, II.

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /?s?k?nd/
• (US) enPR: s??k?nd, IPA^(key): /?s?k.(?)nd/, /?s?k.(?)nt/
• (Canada) IPA^(key): /?s?k?nd/
• Hyphenation: sec?ond

Adjective

second (not comparable)

1. Number-two; following after the first one with nothing between them. The ordinal number corresponding to the cardinal number two.
2. Next to the first in value, power, excellence, dignity, or rank; secondary; subordinate; inferior.
3. Being of the same kind as one that has preceded; another.

Synonyms

• other

Derived terms

Translations

Adverb

second (not comparable)

1. (with superlative) After the first; at the second rank.

2. After the first occurrence but before the third.

Translations

Noun

second (plural seconds)

1. Something that is number two in a series.
2. Something that is next in rank, quality, precedence, position, status, or authority.
3. The place that is next below or after first in a race or contest.
4. (usually in the plural) A manufactured item that, though still usable, fails to meet quality control standards.

5. (usually in the plural) An additional helping of food.

6. A chance or attempt to achieve what should have been done the first time, usually indicating success this time around. (See second-guess.)
7. (music) The interval between two adjacent notes in a diatonic scale (either or both of them may be raised or lowered from the basic scale via any type of accidental).
8. The second gear of an engine.
9. (baseball) Second base.
10. The agent of a party to an honour dispute whose role was to try to resolve the dispute or to make the necessary arrangements for a duel.
11. A Cub Scout appointed to assist the sixer.
    • 1995, Boy Scouts of Canada. National Council, The Cub Book

      Many packs have a sixer's council where the sixers, and sometimes the seconds, meet with Akela and some of the other leaders.

    Synonym: seconder

12. (informal) A second-class honours degree.

Related terms

• (music): secundal (adj.)

Translations

Verb

second (third-person singular simple present seconds, present participle seconding, simple past and past participle seconded)

1. (transitive) To agree as a second person to (a proposal), usually to reach a necessary quorum of two. (See under #Etymology 3 for translations.)

2. To follow in the next place; to succeed.

   • In the method of nature, a low valley is immediately seconded with an ambitious hill.

   • Sin is usually seconded with sin.

3. (climbing) To climb after a lead climber.

Translations

Etymology 2

From Middle English secunde, seconde, borrowed from Old French seconde, from Medieval Latin secunda, short for secunda pars minuta (“second diminished part (of the hour)”).

Alternative forms

• (SI unit of time): (abbreviations) s, sec; (symbols) s (SI and non-scientific usage), sec (in non-scientific usage only)
• (unit of angle): (abbreviations) arcsec, "

Pronunciation

• enPR: s??k?nd, IPA^(key): /?s?k.(?)nd/
• (US) IPA^(key): /?s?k.(?)nd/, /?s?k.(?)nt/
• Hyphenation: sec?ond

Noun

second (plural seconds)

1. One-sixtieth of a minute; the SI unit of time, defined as the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of radiation corresponding to the transition between two hyperfine levels of caesium-133 in a ground state at a temperature of absolute zero and at rest.
2. A unit of angle equal to one-sixtieth of a minute of arc or one part in 3600 of a degree.
3. (informal) A short, indeterminate amount of time.

Synonyms

• (unit of angle): second of arc, arcsecond
• (short, indeterminate amount of time): (colloquial) sec
• Appendix:Words used as placeholders to count seconds

Derived terms

• leap second
• millisecond
• nanosecond

Translations

Etymology 3

From Middle French seconder, from Latin secund? (“assist, make favorable”).

Pronunciation

Transfer temporarily

• enPR: s?k?nd', IPA^(key): /s??k?nd/
• Rhymes: -?nd
• Hyphenation: sec?ond

Assist, Agree

• enPR: s??k?nd, IPA^(key): /?s?k.(?)nd/
• (US) IPA^(key): /?s?k.(?)nd/, /?s?k.(?)nt/
• Hyphenation: sec?ond

Verb

second (third-person singular simple present seconds, present participle seconding, simple past and past participle seconded)

1. (transitive, Britain) To transfer temporarily to alternative employment.
2. (transitive) To assist or support; to back.
3. (transitive) To agree as a second person to (a proposal), usually to reach a necessary quorum of two. (This may come from the English adjective above.)

4. (transitive, music) To accompany by singing as the second performer.

Derived terms

• secondment
• secondee

Translations

Noun

second (plural seconds)

1. One who supports another in a contest or combat, such as a dueller's assistant.
2. One who supports or seconds a motion, or the act itself, as required in certain meetings to pass judgement etc.

3. (obsolete) Aid; assistance; help.

Translations

Further reading

second on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

• arcsecond on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• second on Wikipedia.Wikipedia (time)
• second (parliamentary procedure) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• second-hand goods on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• Second in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition, 1911)

References

Anagrams

• CODENs, coends, condes, consed, decons, sconed

French

Alternative forms

• (abbreviation) 2^d, 2^e

Etymology

From Old French secunt, second, segont, borrowed as a semi-learned term from Latin secundus (“second”); related to sequi (“follow”). Doublet of son (“bran”), which was inherited.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /s?.???/

Adjective

second (feminine singular seconde, masculine plural seconds, feminine plural secondes)

1. second

Derived terms

• dans un second temps
• de seconde main
• état second
• second degré
• second souffle
• second violon
• Seconde Guerre Mondiale
• seconde nature

Related terms

• secondaire
• seconde

Synonyms

• (ordinal): deuxième

Usage notes

For added "precision and elegance", the French Academy recommends using second when only two items are being considered, reserving deuxième for other situations, i.e. when more than two items are being considered; although this rule is not mandatory. The Academy however advises against ever replacing second with deuxième in fixed idioms such as de seconde main or seconde nature.

Noun

second m (plural seconds)

1. assistant, first mate

Synonyms

• adjoint, aide, assistant

Derived terms

• seconder

References

• “second” in Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).

Anagrams

• cédons, condés

Middle English

Adjective

second

1. Alternative form of secunde (“after the first”)

Noun

second

1. Alternative form of secunde (“after the first”)

Old French

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin secundus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /s??kunt/

Adjective

second m (oblique and nominative feminine singular seconde)

1. second

Declension

Descendants

• Middle English: secunde
  • English: second
  • Scots: seicont
• French: second

English

Etymology

From Middle English susteinen, sustenen, from Old French sustenir (French soutenir), from Latin sustine?, sustin?re (“to uphold”), from sub- (“from below, up”) + tene? (“hold”, verb).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /s??ste?n/
• Hyphenation: sus?tain
• Rhymes: -e?n

Verb

sustain (third-person singular simple present sustains, present participle sustaining, simple past and past participle sustained)

1. (transitive) To maintain, or keep in existence.

   The professor had trouble sustaining students’ interest until the end of her lectures.

   The city came under sustained attack by enemy forces.

   • 1949, George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four, Part Two, Chapter 9,^[1]

     All the beliefs, habits, tastes, emotions, mental attitudes that characterize our time are really designed to sustain the mystique of the Party and prevent the true nature of present-day society from being perceived.

2. (transitive) To provide for or nourish.

   provisions to sustain an army

   • 1611, King James Version of the Bible, Nehemiah 9:21,^[2]

     Yea, forty years didst thou sustain them in the wilderness, so that they lacked nothing; their clothes waxed not old, and their feet swelled not.

   • 1937, Robert Byron, The Road to Oxiana, London: Macmillan, Part 2, p. 59,^[3]

     We rode five farsakhs today, sustained by a single bowl of curds and tortured by the wooden saddles.

3. (transitive) To encourage or sanction (something). (The addition of quotations indicative of this usage is being sought:)
4. (transitive) To experience or suffer (an injury, etc.).

   The building sustained major damage in the earthquake.

   • c. 1612, William Shakespeare and John Fletcher, Henry VIII, Act III, Scene 2,^[4]

     […] if you omit

     The offer of this time, I cannot promise

     But that you shall sustain moe new disgraces,

     With these you bear already.

   • 1697, John Dryden (translator), The Aeneid, Book 7, lines 592-593, in The Works of Virgil, London: Jacob Tonson, p. 418,^[5]

     Shall Turnus then such endless Toil sustain,

     In fighting Fields, and conquer Towns in vain:

5. (transitive) To confirm, prove, or corroborate; to uphold.

   to sustain a charge, an accusation, or a proposition

   • 1876, Henry Martyn Robert, Pocket Manual of Rules of Order for Deliberative Assemblies, Chicago: Griggs, 1885, Section 61 (e), p. 167,^[6]

     After the vote is taken, the Chairman states that the decision of the Chair is sustained, or reversed, as the case may be.

6. To keep from falling; to bear; to uphold; to support.

   A foundation sustains the superstructure; an animal sustains a load; a rope sustains a weight.

7. To aid, comfort, or relieve; to vindicate.
   • c. 1605, William Shakespeare, King Lear, Act III, Scene 3,^[7]

     When I desir’d their leave that I might pity him, they took from me the use of mine own house, charg’d me on pain of perpetual displeasure neither to speak of him, entreat for him, nor any way sustain him.

   • 1697, John Dryden (translator), The Aeneid, Book 6, lines 1122-1123, in The Works of Virgil, London: Jacob Tonson, p. 395,^[8]

     His Sons, who seek the Tyrant to sustain,

     And long for Arbitrary Lords again,

Derived terms

• sustainable
• sustainedly
• sustaining

Related terms

Translations

Noun

sustain (plural sustains)

1. (music) A mechanism which can be used to hold a note, as the right pedal on a piano.
   • 2011, Chuck Eddy, Rock and Roll Always Forgets (page 265)

     To call this music bland is to ignore the down-the-drain vocal fade-aways, the extended sax sustains […]

Anagrams

• issuant