different between saffron vs aurum

English

Etymology

From Middle English saffron, from Old French safran, from Medieval Latin safr?num, from Arabic ??????????? (za?far?n).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /?sæf??n/

Noun

saffron (countable and uncountable, plural saffrons)

1. The plant Crocus sativus, a crocus.
   • 1611, King James Version of the Bible, Song of Songs 4.13-14,^[1]

     Thy plants are an orchard of pomegranates, with pleasant fruits; camphire, with spikenard, spikenard and saffron […]

   • 2009, D. H. Sanaeinejad, S. N. Hosseini, Regression Models for Saffron Yields in Iran, Daoliang Li, Chunjiang Zhao (editors), Computer and Computing Technologies in Agriculture II, Volume 1, page 510,

     Usually the maximum temperature for October, November and December in the southern parts of Khorassan–the main saffron growing area of the Iran-does not exceed 20°C, while the minimum temperature reaches 0°C.

2. A spice (seasoning) and colouring agent made from the stigma and part of the style of the plant, sometimes or formerly also used as a dye and insect repellent.

   Synonym: kesar

   • c. 1610, William Shakespeare, The Winter’s Tale, Act IV, Scene 3,^[2]

     I must have saffron to colour the warden pies […]

   • 1658, Thomas Muffet, The Theatre of Insects, [1634, Insectorum sive Minimorum Animalium Theatrum], quoted in 2008, Anna Suranyi, The Genius of the English Nation: Travel Writing and National Identity in Early Modern England, page 117-118,

     The Irish and Ireland people (who are frequently troubled with lice, and such as will fly, as they say, in summer) anoint their shirts with saffron, and to very good purpose, to drive away the lice, but after six months they wash their shirts again, putting fresh saffron into the lye.

   • 2011, Mathew Attokaran, Natural Food Flavors and Colorants, unnumbered page,

     Saffron is often called the “golden spice.”

3. An orange-yellow colour, the colour of a lion's pelt.

   Synonym: saffron yellow

   • 1728, James Thomson, Spring, London: A. Millar & G. Strahan, p. 18,^[5]

     […] The stately Ram

     Shone thro’ the Mead, in native Purple clad,

     Or milder Saffron […]

   • 1915, Lucy Maud Montgomery, Anne of the Island, Chapter 7,^[6]

     […] the girls locked up Echo Lodge again and went away in the perfect half hour that follows the rose and saffron of a winter sunset.

   • 2011, Seth Hunter, The Winds of Folly, unnumbered page,

     The classical shades of Antiquity were the most prevalent, but along with the Venetian reds and Egyptian blues, the saffrons and ochres and indigos, were more delicate hues: of pink and cream and lilac, like shells littered upon the shore.

Derived terms

Related terms

Descendants

• ? Japanese: ???? (safuran)
• ? Korean: ??? (sapeuran)

Translations

Adjective

saffron

1. Having an orange-yellow colour.

   The saffron robe of a Buddhist monk.

   • 1624, Thomas Heywood, Gynaikeion: or, Nine Bookes of Various History. Concerninge women inscribed by the names of the nine Muses, London, Book 3, “A Funerall Oade vpon the death of Anna Panareta” p. 123,^[8]

     Now Hymen change thy saffron weedes

     To roabe and habit sable:

     For ioyfull thoughts, vse funerall deedes

     Since nothing’s firme or stable;

   • 1794, Ann Radcliffe, The Mysteries of Udolpho, London: G.G. & J. Robinson, Volume 1, Chapter 9, p. 256,^[9]

     The sun was now set; but, under the dark branches of the almond trees, was seen the saffron glow of the west, spreading beyond the twilight of middle air.

   • 1876, George Eliot, Daniel Deronda, Chapter 40,^[10]

     […] it was half-past four, and the gray day was dying gloriously, its western clouds all broken into narrowing purple strata before a wide-spreading saffron clearness […]

   • 1961, V. S. Naipaul, A House for Mr Biswas, Part 1, Chapter 2,^[11]

     The jacket was brown but had turned saffron where it had been soaked by Lal’s sweat.

Translations

Verb

saffron (third-person singular simple present saffrons, present participle saffroning, simple past and past participle saffroned)

1. To add saffron to (a food), for taste, colour etc.

   saffroned water, saffroned rice.

   • 1559, Peter Morwen (translator), The Treasure of Euonymus by Conrad Gesner, London: John Day, “Of certain other Aromatical wynes,” p. 407,^[12]

     Saffrond wyne bryngeth mirthe, and taketh away Melancholines […]

   • 1884, Robert Browning, “Two Camels” in Ferishtah’s Fancies, London: Smith, Elder, p. 70,^[13]

     Well-saffroned was that barley-soup!

2. To give a saffron colour to (something).
   • 1593, Michael Drayton, Idea the Shepheards Garland, London: Thomas Woodcocke, Second Eglog, p. 6,^[14]

     My dreadful thoughts been drawen vpon my face,

     In blotted lines with ages iron pen,

     The lothlie morpheu saffroned the place,

     Where beuties damaske daz’d the eies of men.

   • c. 1594, Michael Drayton, Peirs Gaueston Earle of Cornwall His Life, Death, and Fortune, London: Nicholas Ling and John Busby,^[15]

     Or like the twifold-twynned Geminy,

     In their star-gilded gyrdle strongly tyed,

     Chayn’d by their saffrond tresses in the sky,

     Standing to guard the sun-coche in his pride.

   • 1917, Charles V. H. Roberts, “The Call of the Country” in Collected Poems, New York: The Torch Press, p. 20,^[16]

     We accept the perfect stillness of the ground,

     And the vision of a sunset-saffroned sea.

   1. To dye (a fabric, garment, etc.) with a saffron-based dye.
      • 1580, John Stow, The Chronicles of England, London: Ralph Newberie, “A briefe Description of Englande, Scotlande, Wales, and Cornwall,” p. 9,^[17]

        The other part Northern, & ful of mountaines, a very rude and homely kinde of people doth inhabite, which are called the redshankes or wilde Scottes. They be clothed with a mantel and shyrte saffroned, after the Irishe manner, going bare legged to the knée.

      • 1582, Richard Stanyhurst (translator), The First Foure Bookes of Virgil his Aeneis, Leiden: John Pates, Book 4, p. 82,^[18]

        Thee next day foloing lustring Aurora lay shymring,

        Her saffrond mattresse leauing to her bedfelo Tithon.

      • 1638, uncredited translator, Historie Naturall and Experimentall, of Life and Death by Francis Bacon, London: William Lee and Humphrey Mosley, p. 244,^[19]

        The same Irish, use to weare Saffroned Linnen, and Shirts; Which though it were, at first, devised to prevent Vermine, yet, howsoever, I take it, to be very usefull for Lengthening of Life […]

   2. To colour (a metal or wooden surface) with a gilding product containing saffron.
      • 1594, Thomas Nashe, The Unfortunate Traveller, London: C. Burby,^[20]

        His horse was harnished with leaden chaines, hauing the out-side guilt, or at least saffrond in stead of guilt, to decypher a holie or golden pretence of a couetous purpose […]

      • 1633, John Donne, “Elegie” in Poems, London: John Marriot, p. 149,^[21]

        And like vile stones lying in saffrond tinne,

   • Or warts, or wheales, it hangs upon her skinne.

3. (figuratively) To embellish.

Translations

See also

• autumn crocus
• crocein
• crocoite
• crocus
• curcuma
• kumkum
• colchicum
• crocus bag
• crocus sack
• turmeric
• Appendix:Colors

Further reading

• Crocus sativus on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• Crocus sativus on Wikispecies.Wikispecies
• Crocus sativus on Wikimedia Commons.Wikimedia Commons

Middle English

Alternative forms

• saffroun, safroun, safferon, safryn, saffryn, safran, safron, safurroun, saferowne, saffren, safur, safer, saffyron, saffran, saferon, saffrin

Etymology

c. 1200, borrowed from Old French safran, from Medieval Latin safranum, from Arabic ??????????? (za?far?n);as a colour adjective from the late 14th century.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /?safr?n/, /?safru?n/, /?safr?n/

Noun

saffron (uncountable)

1. saffron (the plant Crocus sativus)
2. saffron (yellow powder used in cooking, pharmaceuticals, and dyes)
   • c. 1430 (reprinted 1888), Thomas Austin, ed., Two Fifteenth-century Cookery-books. Harleian ms. 279 (ab. 1430), & Harl. ms. 4016 (ab. 1450), with Extracts from Ashmole ms. 1429, Laud ms. 553, & Douce ms. 55 [Early English Text Society, Original Series; 91], London: N. Trübner & Co. for the Early English Text Society, volume I, OCLC 374760, page 11:

     Soupes dorye. — Take gode almaunde mylke […] caste þher-to Safroun an Salt […]

3. saffron (the colour of the powder)

Descendants

• English: saffron
  • ? Japanese: ???? (safuran)
  • ? Korean: ??? (sapeuran)
• Scots: sefron

References

• “saf(f)r?un, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-07-24.

Adjective

saffron

1. Yellow; the colour of saffron.
2. (rare) Resembling saffron in taste.

Descendants

• English: saffron
• Scots: sefron

References

• “saffr?un, adj.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-07-24.

English

Etymology

From Latin aurum (“gold”). Doublet of or.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /???.??m/
• Rhymes: -????m

Noun

aurum (uncountable)

1. (chemistry) gold, used in the names of various substances (see Derived terms)
2. An Italian liqueur

Derived terms

• aurum fulminans
• aurum mosacium
• aurum musivum

Descendants

• ? Malay: aurum

Latin

Alternative forms

• ausum

Etymology

Rhoticization of earlier ausum, from Proto-Italic *auzom, from Proto-Indo-European *h?é-h?us-óm (“gold”), from *h?ews- (“to dawn, become light, become red”). Cognate with Lithuanian áuksas, Old Lithuanian ausas, Old Prussian ausis, Tocharian A wäs, Tocharian B yas?.

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /?au?.rum/, [?äu?????]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /?au?.rum/, [???u?rum]

Noun

aurum n (genitive aur?); second declension

1. gold (as mineral or metal)
2. gold (colour)
3. any object made of gold, such as a gold coin or a gold ring
4. lustre
5. a Golden Age

Declension

Second-declension noun (neuter), singular only.

Synonyms

• (the metal gold): chr?sos

Derived terms

Related terms

Descendants

• Eastern Romance:
  • Balkan-Romance:
    • Aromanian: avru
    • Istro-Romanian: aur
    • Romanian: aur
  • Dalmatian: jaur, yaur, uar, vuar
• Western Romance:
  • Gallo-Romance:
    • Gallo-Italic:
      • Emilian: òr, ôr
      • Ligurian: öo
      • Lombard: òr
      • Piedmontese: òr
      • Romagnol: or
    • Ocitano-Romance
      • Old Occitan: aur
        • Catalan: or
        • Occitan: aur
    • Oïl:
      • Old French: or
        • Middle French: or
          • French: or
    • Rhaeto-Romance:
      • Friulian: aur
      • Ladin: or
      • Romansch: aur, or, ôr
  • Ibero-Romance
    • Navarro-Aragonese:
      • Aragonese: oro
    • Old Leonese:
      • Asturian: oru
      • Extremaduran: oru
      • Leonese: oru, ouru
      • Mirandese: ouro
    • Old Portuguese: ouro
      • Galician: ouro
      • Portuguese: ouro
    • Old Spanish: oro
      • Ladino: oro
      • Spanish: oro
  • Italo-Romance:
    • Corsican: oru
    • Italian: oro
    • Neapolitan: oro
    • Sicilian: oru, àuru
    • Venetian: oro
• Non-Romance:
  • ? Albanian: ar
  • ? Celtic:
    • Brythonic:
      • Breton: aour
      • Cornish: owr
      • Welsh: aur, awr
    • Old Irish: ór
      • Irish: ór
      • Manx: airh
      • Scottish Gaelic: òr
  • ? English: aurum
  • Esperanto: oro

References

• De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, ?ISBN, page 63

Further reading

• aurum in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• aurum in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• aurum in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition, 1883–1887)
• aurum in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré Latin-Français, Hachette
• aurum in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898) Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
• aurum in William Smith et al., editor (1890) A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin

Malay

Alternative forms

• ???????

Etymology

Borrowed from English aurum, from Latin aurum.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [aurom], [aur?m], [?rum], [aurum]
• Rhymes: -urum, -rum, -um

Noun

aurum (Jawi spelling ???????, informal 1st possessive aurumku, impolite 2nd possessive aurummu, 3rd possessive aurumnya)

1. gold (element)

Synonyms

• emas / ????
• kencana / ??????

Old Norse

Etymology

See the etymology of the main entry.

Noun

aurum

1. dative plural of eyrir