different between rough vs sad

English

Alternative forms

• ruff (colloquial)

Etymology

From Middle English rough, rogh, ro?e, row, rou, ru, ru?, ruh, from Old English r?g, r?h, from Proto-Germanic *r?haz. Cognate with Scots ruch, rouch (“rough”), Saterland Frisian ruuch, rouch (“rough”), West Frisian rûch (“rough”), Low German ruuch (“rough”), Dutch ruig (“rough”), German rau(h) (“rough”).

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation, General American) IPA^(key): /??f/
• Rhymes: -?f
• Homophone: ruff

Adjective

rough (comparative rougher, superlative roughest)

1. Not smooth; uneven.
   • 1922, Virginia Woolf, Jacob's Room Chapter 1

     The rock was one of those tremendously solid brown, or rather black, rocks which emerge from the sand like something primitive. Rough with crinkled limpet shells and sparsely strewn with locks of dry seaweed, a small boy has to stretch his legs far apart, and indeed to feel rather heroic, before he gets to the top.

2. Approximate; hasty or careless; not finished.

3. Turbulent.
   • 1927-29, M.K. Gandhi, The Story of My Experiments with Truth, translated 1940 by Mahadev Desai, Part I, Chapter xii:

     With my mother's permission and blessings, I set off exultantly for Bombay, leaving my wife with a baby of a few months. But on arrival there, friends told my brother that the Indian Ocean was rough in June and July, and as this was my first voyage, I should not be allowed to sail until November.

4. Difficult; trying.

5. Crude; unrefined

6. Violent; not careful or subtle

7. Loud and hoarse; offensive to the ear; harsh; grating.

   • But most by Numbers judge a Poet's song,
     And smooth or rough, with them

8. Not polished; uncut; said of a gem.

9. Harsh-tasting.

10. (chiefly Britain, colloquial, slang) Somewhat ill; sick
11. (chiefly Britain, colloquial, slang) Unwell due to alcohol; hungover

Antonyms

• smooth

Derived terms

Translations

Noun

rough (plural roughs)

1. The unmowed part of a golf course.
2. A rude fellow; a coarse bully; a rowdy.
3. (cricket) A scuffed and roughened area of the pitch, where the bowler's feet fall, used as a target by spin bowlers because of its unpredictable bounce.
4. The raw material from which faceted or cabochon gems are created.
5. A quick sketch, similar to a thumbnail but larger and more detailed, used for artistic brainstorming.
6. (obsolete) Boisterous weather.

   (Can we find and add a quotation of Fletcher to this entry?)

7. A piece inserted in a horseshoe to keep the animal from slipping.

Derived terms

Translations

Verb

rough (third-person singular simple present roughs, present participle roughing, simple past and past participle roughed)

1. To create in an approximate form.

2. (ice hockey) To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player.
3. To render rough; to roughen.
4. To break in (a horse, etc.), especially for military purposes.

   (Can we find and add a quotation of Crabb to this entry?)

5. To endure primitive conditions.
6. (transitive) To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping.

Derived terms

Translations

Adverb

rough (comparative more rough, superlative most rough)

1. In a rough manner; rudely; roughly.

Derived terms

• sleep rough

English

Etymology 1

From Middle English sad, from Old English sæd (“sated, full”), from Proto-Germanic *sadaz (“sated, satisfied”), from Proto-Indo-European *seh?- (“to satiate, satisfy”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sæd/
• Rhymes: -æd

Adjective

sad (comparative sadder or more sad, superlative saddest or most sad)

1. (heading) Emotionally negative.
   1. Feeling sorrow; sorrowful, mournful.
   2. Appearing sorrowful.

   3. Causing sorrow; lamentable.
      • 1911, G. K. Chesterton, The Ballad of the White Horse

        The Great Gaels of Ireland are the men that God made mad, / For all their wars are merry and all their songs are sad.
   4. Poor in quality, bad; shameful, deplorable; later, regrettable, poor.
   5. Of colours: dark, deep; later, sombre, dull.
      • 1679, Izaak Walton, The Life of Bishop Robert Sanderson

        sad-coloured clothes

      • Woad, or wade, is used by the dyers to lay the foundation of many colours, especially all sad colours.

2. (obsolete) Sated, having had one's fill; satisfied, weary.
3. (obsolete) Steadfast, valiant.
4. (obsolete) Dignified, serious, grave.
   • 1509, Sebastian Brant, Alexander Barclay (translator), The Ship of Fools,

     Therfore it nedeth that better prouysion.
     Were founde for youthe by sad and wyse counsayle
5. (obsolete) Naughty; troublesome; wicked.
   • 1860, Isaac Taylor, Ultimate Civilization

     Sad tipsy fellows, both of them.

6. (slang) Unfashionable; socially inadequate or undesirable.

7. (dialect) Soggy (to refer to pastries).
8. (obsolete) Heavy; weighty; ponderous; close; hard.
   • Chalky lands are naturally cold and sad.

Synonyms

• (feeling mentally uncomfortable): discomforted, distressed, uncomfortable, unhappy
• (low in spirits): depressed, down in the dumps, glum, melancholy
• (moving, full of feeling): poignant, touching
• (causing sorrow): lamentable
• (poor in quality): pitiful, sorry
• See also Thesaurus:sad
• See also Thesaurus:lamentable

Antonyms

• happy
• cheerful
• gleeful, upbeat
• decent

Derived terms

• sadness
• sadder
• saddest
• sadboi
• sad sack
• sadfishing
• unsad

Related terms

• sadden

Translations

Further reading

• sad in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913.
• sad in The Century Dictionary, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911.

Verb

sad (third-person singular simple present sads, present participle sadding, simple past and past participle sadded)

1. (transitive, archaic) To make melancholy; to sadden or grieve (someone).
   • 16??, John Webster, Appius and Virginia

     My father's wondrous pensive, and withal / With a suppress'd rage left his house displeas'd, / And so in post is hurried to the camp: / It sads me much; to expel which melancholy, / I have sent for company.

Etymology 2

Noun

sad (plural sads)

1. Alternative form of saad (“Arabic letter”)

Anagrams

• ADS, ADs, ASD, AdS, Ads, DA's, DAS, DAs, DSA, SDA, ads, das

Cebuano

Pronunciation

• Hyphenation: sad

Adverb

sad

1. (focus) also; too
2. (after a negative) either

Czech

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *sad?.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [?sat]

Noun

sad m

1. orchard

Declension

Derived terms

• sada? m
• sadový

Further reading

• sad in P?íru?ní slovník jazyka ?eského, 1935–1957
• sad in Slovník spisovného jazyka ?eského, 1960–1971, 1989

Danish

Verb

sad

1. past tense of sidde

Gothic

Romanization

sad

1. Romanization of ????????????

Livonian

Alternative forms

• (Courland) sa'd

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *sadek.

Noun

sad

1. precipitation (hail, rain, snow)

Lower Sorbian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *sad? (“plant, garden”). Cognate with Upper Sorbian sad, Polish sad (“orchard”), Czech sad (“orchard”), Russian ??? (sad, “orchard, garden”), Old Church Slavonic ???? (sad?, “plant, garden”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [sat]

Noun

sad m

1. fruit (food)

Declension

Old Saxon

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *sadaz, from Proto-Indo-European *seh?- (“to satiate, satisfy”).

Adjective

sad (comparative sadoro, superlative sadost)

1. full, sated, satiated
2. weary

Declension

Descendants

• Middle Low German sat

Polish

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *sad?.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sat/

Noun

sad m inan (diminutive sadek)

1. orchard

Declension

Related terms

• (noun) sadownik
• (adjective) sadowy

Related terms

• (verb) sadzi?

Further reading

• sad in Wielki s?ownik j?zyka polskiego, Instytut J?zyka Polskiego PAN
• sad in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Scots

Etymology

From Old English sæd.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /s?d/

Adjective

sad (comparative sadder, superlative saddest)

1. grave, serious
2. strange, remarkable
3. sad

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Slavic *s?da, *s?goda.

Alternative forms

• s?da

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sâd/

Adverb

s?d (Cyrillic spelling ????)

1. now
2. currently
3. presently

Etymology 2

From Proto-Slavic *saditi (“to plant”). Compare Serbo-Croatian saditi and Russian ??? (sad)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sâ?d/

Noun

s?d m (Cyrillic spelling ????)

1. plant nursery, plantation, orchard (specialized facility rather than a home garden)
2. a seeding or sapling from a plant nursery

Declension

References

• “sad” in Hrvatski jezi?ni portal
• “sad” in Hrvatski jezi?ni portal

Slovak

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *sad?.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sad/, [sat]

Noun

sad m (genitive singular sadu, nominative plural sady, genitive plural sadov, declension pattern of dub)

1. garden, orchard, plantation

Declension

Derived terms

• sadový
• sadík

References

• sad in Slovak dictionaries at korpus.sk

Slovene

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sá?t/

Noun

s?d m inan

1. fruit

Inflection

Further reading

• “sad”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran

Wakhi

Etymology

Compare Tajik ??? (sad).

Numeral

sad

1. hundred