different between rack vs gridiron

English

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /?æk/
• Rhymes: -æk
• Homophone: wrack

Etymology 1

From Middle English rakke, rekke, from Middle Dutch rac, recke, rec (Dutch rek), see rekken.

Noun

rack (plural racks)

1. A series of one or more shelves, stacked one above the other
2. Any of various kinds of frame for holding luggage or other objects on a vehicle or vessel.

   Synonym: luggage rack

3. (historical) A device, incorporating a ratchet, used to torture victims by stretching them beyond their natural limits.
4. (nautical) A piece or frame of wood, having several sheaves, through which the running rigging passes.

   Synonym: rack block

5. (nautical, slang) A bunk.
6. (nautical, by extension, slang, uncountable) Sleep.
7. A distaff.
8. (mechanical engineering) A bar with teeth on its face or edge, to work with those of a gearwheel, pinion#, or worm, which is to drive or be driven by it.
9. (mechanical engineering) A bar with teeth on its face or edge, to work with a pawl as a ratchet allowing movement in one direction only, used for example in a handbrake or crossbow.
10. A cranequin, a mechanism including a rack, pinion and pawl, providing both mechanical advantage and a ratchet, used to bend and cock a crossbow.
11. A set of antlers (as on deer, moose or elk).
12. A cut of meat involving several adjacent ribs.

13. (billiards, snooker) A hollow triangle used for aligning the balls at the start of a game.
14. (slang, vulgar) A woman's breasts.

    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:breasts

15. (climbing, caving) A friction device for abseiling, consisting of a frame with five or more metal bars, around which the rope is threaded.

16. (climbing, slang) A climber's set of equipment for setting up protection and belays, consisting of runners, slings, carabiners, nuts, Friends, etc.

17. A grate on which bacon is laid.
18. (obsolete) That which is extorted; exaction.

    (Can we find and add a quotation of Sir E. Sandys to this entry?)

19. (algebra) A set with a distributive binary operation whose result is unique.
20. (Britain, slang) A thousand pounds (£1,000), especially if proceeds of crime

Derived terms

Translations

Verb

rack (third-person singular simple present racks, present participle racking, simple past and past participle racked)

1. To place in or hang on a rack.
2. To torture (someone) on the rack.
   • 1563, John Foxe, Actes and Monuments

     He was racked and miserably tormented.

   • 2011, Thomas Penn, Winter King, Penguin 2012, p. 228:

     As the poet Sir Thomas Wyatt later recalled, his father, Henry VII's jewel-house keeper Henry Wyatt, had been racked on the orders of Richard III, who had sat there and watched.

3. To cause (someone) to suffer pain.
4. (figuratively) To stretch or strain; to harass, or oppress by extortion.
   • The landlords there most shamefully rack their tenants.

   • 1645, Thomas Fuller, Good Thoughts in Bad Times

     Grant that I may never rack a Scripture simile beyond the true intent thereof

5. (billiards, snooker, pool) To put the balls into the triangular rack and set them in place on the table.

   Synonym: rack up

6. (slang, transitive) To strike (a person) in the testicles.
7. (firearms) To (manually) load (a round of ammunition) from the magazine or belt into firing position in an automatic or semiautomatic firearm.
8. (firearms) To move the slide bar on a shotgun in order to chamber the next round.
9. (mining) To wash (metals, ore, etc.) on a rack.
10. (nautical) To bind together, as two ropes, with cross turns of yarn, marline, etc.
11. (structural engineering) Tending to shear a structure (that is, force it to move in different directions at different points).

    Synonym: shear

Usage notes

In senses “torture” and “suffer pain”, frequently confused with wrack (“destroy”) (more rarely, wrack (“wreckage”)), both as stand-alone verb and in compounds. In most uses, rack is correct, and wrack is incorrect. Etymologically, nerve-racking (“stressful”), pain-racked, and rack one's brain, rack one's brains (“think hard”) are correct, while rack and ruin and storm-racked are incorrect, variants of wrack and ruin (“complete destruction”) and storm-wracked (“wrecked by a storm”).

Usage guidance differs: either prefer the etymologically correct term, prefer rack to (archaic) wrack, or use either. The etymologically correct forms are preferred by some style guides, but the unetymological forms are well-established and in wide use, and other style guides simply consider them variant spellings. Other style guides categorically ban wrack as archaic, suggesting modern synonyms like wreck, ruin, or destroy. In some cases style guides are confused by the etymology, or feature unhistorical forms such as nerve-wracking.

This confusion dates to Early Modern English in the 16th century (as in rack and ruin), and is presumably due to the influence of ?wr? in words such as wreak, wreck, wrench, etc., which connote discomfort and torment. Formally termed the graphaesthesia of the graphaestheme ?wr?, since identical sound /r/ to ?r?; compare with phonaesthesia. Compare rapt/wrapt, and also ?gh? as in ghost, ghastly, ghoul.

Derived terms

• nerve-racking
• pain-racked
• rack one's brain, rack one's brains

Translations

Etymology 2

From Old English re??an (“to stretch out, extend”).

Verb

rack (third-person singular simple present racks, present participle racking, simple past and past participle racked)

1. To stretch a person's joints.

Derived terms

• rack one's brain

Translations

Etymology 3

From Middle English reken, from Old Norse reka (“to be drifted, tost”)

The noun is from Middle English rak, rakke, from Middle English rek (“drift; thing tossed ashore; jetsam”), from the verb.

Verb

rack (third-person singular simple present racks, present participle racking, simple past and past participle racked)

1. To drive; move; go forward rapidly; stir
2. To fly, as vapour or broken clouds

Translations

Noun

rack (uncountable)

1. Thin, flying, broken clouds, or any portion of floating vapour in the sky.
   • 1851, Charles Kingsley, Three Fishers

     And the night rack came rolling up.

   • 1607, William Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra, Act IV, scene 14

     Sometime we see a cloud that's dragonish ... That which is now a horse ... The rack dislimns, and makes it indistinct

Etymology 4

From Middle English rakken.

Verb

rack (third-person singular simple present racks, present participle racking, simple past and past participle racked)

1. (brewing) To clarify, and thereby deter further fermentation of, beer, wine or cider by draining or siphoning it from the dregs.

Translations

Etymology 5

See rack (“that which stretches”), or rock (verb).

Verb

rack (third-person singular simple present racks, present participle racking, simple past and past participle racked)

1. (of a horse) To amble fast, causing a rocking or swaying motion of the body; to pace.

   (Can we find and add a quotation of Fuller to this entry?)

Noun

rack (plural racks)

1. A fast amble.

Etymology 6

See wreck.

Noun

rack (plural racks)

1. (obsolete) A wreck; destruction.

   • All goes to rack.

Derived terms

• rack and ruin

Etymology 7

Noun

rack (plural racks)

1. (obsolete) A young rabbit, or its skin.

Etymology 8

Noun

rack

1. Alternative form of arak

References

Further reading

• rack on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• rack (billiards) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

Anagrams

• cark

Spanish

Noun

rack m (plural racks)

1. rack

English

Pronunciation

• (UK) IPA^(key): /????da??n/

Etymology 1

Origin uncertain, perhaps related to griddle. The ending was assimilated to iron, as if from grid +? iron, whence grid was later derived.

Noun

gridiron (plural gridirons)

1. An instrument of torture on which people were secured before being burned by fire. [from 13th c.]
2. An iron rack or grate used for broiling meat and fish over coals. [from 14th c.]

Related terms

• iron
• grid

Derived terms

• gridiron football
• gridiron pendulum
• gridiron valve

Translations

Etymology 2

From resembling the shape of a gridiron (a square rectilinear grid)

Noun

gridiron (countable and uncountable, plural gridirons)

1. Any object resembling the rack or grate. [from 15th c.]
2. (nautical) An openwork frame on which vessels are placed for examination, cleaning, and repairs.
3. (theater) A raised framework from which lighting is suspended.
4. (American football) The field on which American football is played. [from 19th c.]
5. (uncountable, Australia and New Zealand) American and Canadian football, particularly when used to distinguish from other codes of football.
   • 1995 October 3, Peter O?Shea, Sports: Out on the field, The Advocate, page 54,

     He represented Australia in this year?s rugby tour of England and is as well-known in Australia as any top gridiron player is in the United States.

   • 2001, Langston Hughes, Dolan Hubbard, Jackie Robinson: First Negro in Big League Baseball: 1919—, The Collected Works of Langston Hughes, Volume 12: Works for Children and Young Adults, page 106,

     So Jackie?s name became known far and wide as an exceptional gridiron player.

   • 2009, Deborah Healey, Sport and the Law, reference note, UNSW Press, page 271,

     119 Yasser (1985) cites the famous US example of gridiron player Dick Butkus of the Chicago Bears.

Synonyms

• (playing field for American football): football field
• (football, Canadian and American): North American football, gridiron football, football (North American English)
• (American football): football (US English)

Translations

Verb

gridiron (third-person singular simple present gridirons, present participle gridironing, simple past and past participle gridironed)

1. To mark or cover with lines; to crisscross.
   • 1901, Archibald John Little, Mount Omi and Beyond: A Record of Travel on the Thibetan Border, Cambridge University Press, 2010, Conclusion, p. 242, [1]

     This basin of Szechuan (literally "Four Streams," but which, reading the character idiographically, I should be inclined to render as "Gridironed by Streams"), […]

   • 1923, Maximilian P.E. Groszmann, A Parent's Manual: Child Problems, Mental and Moral, New York: Century, p. 74, [2]

     Another logical method is that of gridironing the field by a series of straight paths that are parallel to each other.

   • 1924, Herman Melville, Billy Budd, London: Constable & Co., Chapter 8, [3]

     When Billy saw the culprit's naked back under the scourge gridironed with red welts, and worse […] Billy was horrified.

   • 1949, Lewis Sinclair, The God-Seeker, New York: Popular Library, Chapter 42, p. 227,

     His white back, gridironed with scars, was as soft as a baby's.

   • 2012, Janet Wallach, The Richest Woman in America: Hetty Green in the Gilded Age, New York: Anchor Books, 2013, Chapter 8, p. 111, [4]

     Railways spanned the continent and gridironed the states.

2. (New Zealand, historical) To purchase land so that the remaining adjacent sections are smaller than the minimum area purchasable as freehold, thus excluding potential freeholders.

See also

• gridiron on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• gridiron on Wikimedia Commons.Wikimedia Commons

References