different between quine vs quire

English

Etymology

Decapitalization of Quine.Named after philosopher and logician Willard Van Orman Quine.Senses related to self-reference are coined by Douglas Hofstadter in 1979 in his book Gödel, Escher, Bach (referencing the paradox named after him), while the verb sense of “to deny the importance or significance of something” was independently coined by Daniel Dennett in The Philosophical Lexicon.

Pronunciation

• (US) IPA^(key): /kwa?n/

Noun

quine (plural quines)

1. (computing) A program that produces its own source code as output.
   • 1994, John David Regehr, a quine in C++?, comp.lang.misc, Usenet

     This has been bugging me recently. Any quines or pointers to relevant articles or web pages is appreciated. Thanks!

   • 1999, Gergo Barany, Re: CC hack?, comp.lang.c, Usenet

     There was also a quine thread here in comp.lang.c just days ago, search deja.com (the thread's title was something about self-printing programs, I think).

   • 2002, Clinton Pierce, Perl Developer's Dictionary, Sams Publishing ?ISBN, page 269

     Most quines are notoriously difficult (and fiendish) to write. Perl can cheat, though. :)

   • 2003, Arthur J. O'Dwyer, Re: "A to Z of C", comp.lang.c, Usenet

     Why have a one-page chapter that doesn't say anything? At the least, you should present a quine program written in pure ISO C (I can send you one if you like); […]

   • 2004, David Darling, The Universal Book of Mathematics: From Abracadabra to Zeno's Paradoxes, John Wiley & Sons ?ISBN, page 264

     Although writing a quine is not always easy, and in fact may seem impossible, it can always be done in any programming language that is Turing complete (see Turing machine), which includes every programming language actually in use.

   • 2005, Simon Cozens, Advanced Perl Programming, O'Reilly Media ?ISBN, page 260

     SelfGOL can reproduce itself; it can turn other programs into a quine; it can display a scrolling banner; it plays the Game of Life; and it contains no (ordinary) loops, goto statements, or if statements. Control flow is done, well, interestingly.

   • 2008, Uwe Seifert, Jin-hyun Kim, Anthony Moore, Paradoxes of Interactivity: Perspectives for Media Theory, Human-computer Interaction, and Artistic Investigations, transcript Verlag ?ISBN, page 179

     Yet from a different perspective, it describes the process of producing this very code; in other words, it is because object- and meta-language interrelate that makes a quine difficult; in less reflective programs, where means and ends are more separate, this difficulty is not so obvious.

   • 2009, Mike Ash, Re: 406 Not Acceptable (was Re: "--All You Zombies--" title), rec.arts.sf.written, Usenet

     Gee, last time I wrote a quine in Lisp it ended up being kind of difficult...

   • 2011, Antoine Amarilli et al., "Can Code Polymorphism Limit Information Leakage?", Information Security Theory and Practice: Security and Privacy of Mobile Devices in Wireless Communication (edited by Claudio Agostino Ardagna, Jianying Zhou), Springer ?ISBN, page 14 [1]

     The solution is to make a quine that is also a ?-expression (instead of a list of statements). This is possible, thanks to S-expressions. The way the quine works relies on the fact that its code is a list of statements and that the last one can take a list of the previous ones as arguments.

   • 2012, Pietro Liò, Dinesh Verma, Biologically Inspired Networking and Sensing: Algorithms and Architectures, IGI Global Snippet ?ISBN

     Quines exist for any programming language that is Turing complete and it is a common challenge for students to come up with a Quine in their language of choice. The Quine Page provides a comprehensive list of such programs in various languages.

   • 2013, Brian, Re: "Mountains will be Mountains", talk.religion.buddhism, Usenet

     Upon receiving a "QUINE" request by the client, the server will first send a 01 OK response, and will then provide the client with a quine in the programming language used to implement the server.

Translations

Verb

quine (third-person singular simple present quines, present participle quining, simple past and past participle quined)

1. (philosophy) To deny the existence or significance of something obviously real or important.
   • 1993, Howard Margolis, Paradigms and Barriers: How Habits of Mind Govern Scientific Beliefs, University of Chicago Press ?ISBN, page 62

     As with the puzzle of what happens during the combustion of a metal in pure oxygen (the "steel wool" experiment), this result can of course be quined. Taking the phlogistic view, we could say that the calx requires the same phlogiston content as the metal, so of course the amount of water absorbed must be in accord with that.

   • 1999, Denis Fisette, Consciousness and Intentionality: Models and Modalities of Attribution, Springer ?ISBN, page 119

     They deny that mental states and events actually possess the qualitative properties attributed to them by qualia friends and, as a consequence, they advocate quining qualia.

   • 2000, Don Ross, Introduction: The Dennettian Stance in 2000, Don Ross, Andrew Brook and David Thompson, Dennett’s Philosophy: A Comprehensive Assessment, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, page 14:

     Qualia are quined not because Dennett imagines that there is nothing it is like to be conscious, but because no clear demarcation can be drawn between representations of qualitative properties and representations of other sorts of states.

   • 2001, Nenad Miscevic, "Quining the apriori", Knowledge, Language and Logic: Questions for Quine (edited by A. Orenstein, P. Kotatko), Springer ?ISBN, page 95
   • 2003, W. Martin Davies, The Philosophy of Sir William Mitchell (1861-1962): A Mind's Own Place, Edwin Mellen Press Limited, page 182:

     Structure in the phenomenological realm is not something to be “quined”, but fostered.

   • 2003, Roy Sorensen, A Brief History of the Paradox: Philosophy and the Labyrinths of the Mind: Philosophy and the Labyrinths of the Mind, Oxford University Press ?ISBN, page 357

     Daniel Dennett's The Philosophical Lexicon defines "quine" as a verb: "to deny the existence or significance of something real or significant". Quine has quined names, intentions, and the distinction between psychology and epistemology. In 1951 Quine quined the distinction between analytic and synthetic statements.

   • 2008, Daniel Barnett, Movement as Meaning: In Experimental Film, Rodopi ?ISBN, page 114

     The private language machine and the evolution of a medium: One of the things that Wittgenstein is most famous for is quining "private language". By saying that private languages can't exist Wittgenstein wanted us to recognize the inescapable function of the social fabric in language's work.

   • 2009, Andrew Pessin, Mental Transparency, Direct Sensaition, and the Unity of the Cartesian Mind in 2009, Jon Miller, Topics in Early Modern Philosophy of Mind, Springer, page 34:

     One might object that in this section I’ve not exactly quined Cartesian qualia, […]

2. To append something to a quotation of itself.
   • 1984, Douglas R. Hofstadter, "Analogies and Metaphors to Explain Gödel's Theorem", Mathematics: People, Problems, Results (edited by Douglas M. Campbell, John C. Higgins), Taylor & Francis ?ISBN, page 274

     "Quining" is what I called it in my book. (He certainly didn't call it that!) Quining is an operation that I define on any string of English. […] Here is an example of a quined phrase: "is a sentence with no subject" is a sentence with no subject.

   • 1997, Nathaniel S. Hellerstein, Diamond: A Paradox Logic, World Scientific ?ISBN, page 183

     Diamond arises in Gödelian meta-mathematics. In meta-math, sentences can refer to each other's provability, and to quining. This yields self-reference: T = "is provable when quined" is provable when quined.

   • 2001, Howard Mirowitz, Re: Why is L&T in quotation marks?, rec.music.dylan, Usenet

     In "Love And Theft", Dylan quined the love and theft in his songs in the album's title, "Love And Theft". So the subtext, the meaning of the entire album, when preceded by its quotation, its symbol, yields a paradox.

   • 2001, Jim Evans, Re: Quining for the fjords, rec.humor.oracle.d, Usenet

     And, of course, the existence of various sigmonsters guarantees entire quined-posts.

Related terms

• Quine
• quiner (noun)
• quined (adjective)
• quining (noun)

Further reading

• Eric S[teven] Raymond, editor (29 December 2003) , “quine”, in The Jargon File, version 4.4.7
• quine (computing) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• Quine's paradox on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

Scots

Noun

quine (plural quines)

1. Doric form of quean (“young woman, girl”)

English

Pronunciation

• (UK) IPA^(key): /?kwa?.?(?)/
• Rhymes: -a??(?)
• Homophone: choir

Etymology 1

From Middle English quayer, from Anglo-Norman quaier and Old French quaer, from Vulgar Latin *quaternus, from Latin quaterni (“four at a time”), from quater (“four times”). Doublet of cahier.

Noun

quire (plural quires)

1. One-twentieth of a ream of paper; a collection of twenty-four or twenty-five sheets of paper of the same size and quality, unfolded or having a single fold.
   • 1882, James Edwin Thorold Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, Volume 4, p. 592:

     Under the year 1533 we are told that the ream contained twenty quires.

   • 1929, Virginia Woolf, A Room of One’s Own, Penguin Books, paperback edition, page 71:

     […] and we must accept the fact that all those good novels, Villette, Emma, Wuthering Heights, Middlemarch, were written by women without more experience of life than could enter the house of a clergyman; written too in the common sitting-room of that respectable house and by women so poor that they could not afford to buy more than a few quires of paper at a time upon which to write Wuthering Heights or Jane Eyre.
2. (bookbinding) A set of leaves which are stitched together, originally a set of four pieces of paper (eight leaves, sixteen pages). This is most often a single signature (i.e. group of four), but may be several nested signatures.
3. A book, poem, or pamphlet.

Coordinate terms

• (quantity of paper): bale, bundle, ream

Translations

Verb

quire (third-person singular simple present quires, present participle quiring, simple past and past participle quired)

1. (bookbinding) To prepare quires by stitching together leaves of paper.
   • 1870, William White, Notes and Queries, vol. 42:

     Now, in the first folio volume of 1616, the paging, signatures, and quiring are continuous and regular throughout.

   • 1938, The Dolphin: A Journal of the Making of the Books, issue 3:

     This is a natural point at which to ask why quiring went out of fashion.

   • 1976, Alfred William Pollard, Alfred William Pollard: A Selection of his Essays:

     By means of these smooth pages we can mostly see how the modern binder made up the book, but whether in doing this he followed the original quiring is quite another matter.

See also

• Units of paper quantity on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

Etymology 2

See choir.

Alternative forms

• choir

Noun

quire (plural quires)

1. (archaic) A choir.
   • c.1590, William Shakespeare, Henry VI, part 2, I.iii:

     Madam, myself have lim'd a bush for her,

     And plac'd a quire of such enticing birds,

     That she will light to listen to the lays,

     And never mount to trouble you again.

   • 1597-1598, Joseph Hall, Virgidemiarum

     Yea, and the prophet of the heav'nly lyre, / Great Solomon sings in the English quire […]

2. One quarter of a cruciform church, or the architectural area of a church used by the choir, often near the apse.

Verb

quire (third-person singular simple present quires, present participle quiring, simple past and past participle quired)

1. (intransitive) To sing in concert.
   • c.1598, William Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice, V.i:

     Sit, Jessica. Look how the floor of heaven / Is thick inlaid with patines of bright gold: / There's not the smallest orb which thou behold'st / But in his motion like an angel sings, / Still quiring to the young-eyed cherubins; / Such harmony is in immortal souls; / But whilst this muddy vesture of decay / Doth grossly close it in, we cannot hear it.

   • 1920, T. S. Eliot, Poems, "Hippopotamus"

     I saw the 'potamus take wing / Ascending from the damp savannas, / And quiring angels round him sing / The praise of God, in loud hosannas.

   • 1938, William Faulkner, "Barn Burning"

     He went on down the hill, toward the dark woods within which the liquid silver voices of the birds called unceasing-the rapid and urgent beating of the urgent and quiring heart of the late spring night.

Latin

Verb

qu?re

1. present active infinitive of que?