different between qua vs which

English

Etymology 1

From Latin qu? (“in the capacity of”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kw??/

  Rhymes: -??

• IPA^(key): /kwe?/

  Rhymes: -e?

Preposition

qua

1. as; in the capacity of
   • 1954: Gilbert Ryle, Dilemmas: The Tarner Lectures, 1953, dilemma vii: Perception, page 99 (The Syndics of the Cambridge University Press)

     As anatomy, physiology and, later, psychology have developed into more or less well-organized sciences, they have necessarily and rightly come to incorporate the study of, among other things, the structures, mechanisms, and functionings of animal and human bodies qua percipient.

   • 1962: Norman Malcolm; Dreaming; chapter nine: “Judgments in Sleep”, page 39^{1}; chapter twelve: “The Concept of Dreaming”, page 68^{2} (1977 paperback reprint; Routledge & Kegan Paul; ISBN 0?7100?3836?4 (c), 0?7100?8434?X (p))

     ^{1} For sleep qua sleep has no experiential content: it cannot turn out, as remarked before, that a man was not asleep because he was not having some experience or other.

     ^{2} I am denying that a dream qua dream is a seeming, appearance or ‘semblance of reality’.

   • 2003: Roy Porter, Flesh in the Age of Reason, page 458 (Penguin, 2004)

     It was qua poet that Byron resurrected the exploded and discarded immortal Christian soul by bodying it forth through the notion of soul conceived as poetic imagination.

   • 2005: Ulfelder, Jay.Collective Action and the Breakdown of Authoritarian Regimes. International Political Science Review, 26(3), p318. Retrieved 1615 240810 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/30039035.pdf?acceptTC=true.

     "In essence, military regimes are autocracies in which the military qua organization performs many of the functions performed by the ruling party in single-party regimes."

   • 2009: Ken Levy, Killing, Letting Die, and the Case for Mildly Punishing Bad Samaritanism, Georgia Law Review, p. 24.

     Blame qua attitude is the feeling or belief that an individual has committed a wrongdoing, usually a wrongful action and/or harm, and can be reasonably expected not to have committed this wrongdoing. Blame qua practice is the public expression of this attitude – usually by means of censure (written or verbal criticism) or punishment. Generally, the morally worse the wrongdoing, the more severe the censure/punishment.

Translations

Etymology 2

Imitative.

Interjection

qua

1. The cawing sound of a crow.
   • 1909, The Country Gentleman (volume 74, page 266)

     Crows have a language of their own in a wild state that any observant person can learn. […] Then he would straighten his head back and, with the most comical bowing and wagging, say: "Qua qua qua, qua qua qua" for perhaps a minute.

Anagrams

• QAU, UAQ

Classical Nahuatl

Verb

qua

1. Alternative spelling of cua

Danish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kva?/, [k?væ??]
• Rhymes: -a?

Conjunction

qua

1. as, qua (in the capacity of)
2. (as a preposition) by virtue of (because of)

Dutch

Pronunciation

• Rhymes: -a?

Preposition

qua

1. regarding, concerning, in terms of

Synonyms

• wat ... betreft

German

Etymology

Latin qu?

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kva?/

Preposition

qua

1. (formal) by

   Synonyms: durch, mittels, kraft

   • 2018, Kevin Rick, Verbraucherpolitik in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Nomos Verlag (?ISBN), page 84:

     Die Regierung von Individuen oder Kollektiven, sei es qua Verordnung oder qua Appell, ist deshalb stets an das „Regieren des Selbst“ gekoppelt, an durch das Subjekt aktiv anzueignende Selbsttechniken bzw. Technologien des Selbst.

Usage notes

Sometimes used with the genitive:

Further reading

• “qua” in Duden online
• “qua” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

Ido

Etymology

Borrowed from French qui, que, Italian che, Spanish que, ultimately from Latin qu? / quid.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kwa/

Pronoun

qua (plural qui)

1. (relative pronoun) which

2. (interrogative pronoun) who

   (direct question)

   (indirect question)

Determiner

qua

1. (interrogative determiner) what

Derived terms

• quo (“what (thing)”)
• qui (“who (plural)”)
• pro quo (“why”)

See also

• ube (“where”)
• kande (“when”)
• quala (“what kind of”)
  • quale (“how”)
• quanta (“how much”)
  • quanto (“quantity”)

Italian

Alternative forms

• quà (misspelling)

Etymology

From Vulgar Latin *(ec)cu hac, from Latin eccum + hac. Cognate with Portuguese cá, Spanish acá, French çà.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kwa/
• Rhymes: -a

Adverb

qua

1. here

   Synonym: qui

Usage notes

For differences between qui / qua, see notes at qui.

Derived terms

• quassù
• quaggiù

See also

• là, lì

Latin

Etymology 1

Adverb declined from qu?.

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /k?a/, [k?ä]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /kwa/, [kw?]

Adverb

qu? (not comparable)

1. On which side, at or in which place, in what direction, where, by what way (qua...ea...)
2. as; in the capacity or character of
3. In so far as

4. In what way, how, by what method; to what degree or extent

Related terms

Etymology 2

Inflection of qu? (“who, which”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /k?a?/, [k?ä?]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /kwa/, [kw?]

Pronoun

qu?

1. ablative feminine singular of qu?

Etymology 3

Inflection of quis (“anyone, something, anyone, anything”).

Pronoun

qua

1. nominative feminine singular of quis
2. nominative neuter plural of quis
3. accusative neuter plural of quis

Usage notes

• 'qua' is commonly used for 'quae' in the above forms of the indefinite variant of the pronoun 'quis'.

References

• qua in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• qua in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• qua in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré Latin-Français, Hachette
• Carl Meissner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book?^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
• Allen, Joseph Henry; Greenough, James B. (1903) Allen and Greenough's New Latin grammar for schools and colleges: founded on comparative grammar, Boston: Ginn and Company, § 149

Min Nan

Etymology

The suffix has been used since around the 17th and 18th century. Since "hong" (?) merchants were technically officials of the lowest (9th) rank, the suffix qua was added to their names in honour of their positions in the Qing government.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [kuã??]

Suffix

qua (POJ koa?, traditional and simplified ?)

1. Irregular romanization of of koa? (“official”)

Usage notes

• Formerly added to names of hong merchants (i.e. "Powqua," "Chinqua").

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

From Latin qu?.

Preposition

qua

1. qua; as, in capacity of

References

• “qua” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
• “qua” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From Latin qu?.

Preposition

qua

1. qua; as, in capacity of

References

• “qua” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Romansch

Adverb

qua

1. here

Vietnamese

Pronunciation

• (Hà N?i) IPA^(key): [kwa???]
• (Hu?) IPA^(key): [kwa???]
• (H? Chí Minh City) IPA^(key): [wa???]

Etymology 1

Sino-Vietnamese word from ? (“pass”). Doublet of quá.

Preposition

qua

1. through, across, by

Adjective

qua

1. last

Verb

qua • (?)

1. (intransitive) To be gone.
2. (intransitive) To cross.

Etymology 2

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese ? (SV: ngã).

Pronoun

qua

1. (archaic, men's speech or Southern Vietnam) I; me

Derived terms

• b?ng qua
• ?i qua

References

• An Chi (17 March 2019). "L?t léo ch? ngh?a: Ngu?n g?c c?a ??i t? QUA". Thanh Niên.

English

Alternative forms

• whiche (obsolete)
• wich (Jamaican English)

Etymology

From Middle English which, hwic, wilche, hwilch, whilk, hwilc, from Old English hwel? (“which”), from Proto-Germanic *hwil?kaz (“what kind”, literally “like what”), derived from *hwaz, equivalent to who +? like. Cognates include Scots whilk (“which”), West Frisian hokker (“which”), Dutch welk (“which”), Low German welk (“which”), German welcher (“which”), Danish hvilken (“which”), Swedish vilken (“which”), Norwegian hvilken (“which”), Icelandic hvílíkur (“which”).

Pronunciation

• enPR: w?ch, IPA^(key): /w?t??/
• (without the wine–whine merger) enPR: hw?ch, IPA^(key): /??t??/
• Rhymes: -?t?
• Homophones: witch, wich, wych (in accents with the wine-whine merger)

Determiner

which

1. (interrogative) What, of those mentioned or implied.

2. (relative) The one or ones mentioned.
   • 1860, Alfred Henry Forrester, Fairy footsteps, or, Lessons from legends, with illustr., by Alfred Crowquill, page 166 (Google Books view):

     After glaring upon the smoking philosopher, who took his misfortunes with such positive nonchalance, he growled out an oath in German, which language is particularly adapted for growling in; then, raising his hand, he dealt him a blow on his pipe, which sent it, like a rocket, into the midst of the players.

Translations

Pronoun

which

1. (interrogative) What one or ones (of those mentioned or implied).

2. (relative) Who; whom; what (of those mentioned or implied).
   • 1611, King James Version of the Bible, Luke 1:1

     Forasmuch as many have taken in hand to set forth in order a declaration of those things which are most surely believed among us...

   • There was a neat hat-and-umbrella stand, and the stranger's weary feet fell soft on a good, serviceable dark-red drugget, which matched in colour the flock-paper on the walls.
3. (relative, archaic) Used of people (now generally who, whom or that).
   • 1526, William Tyndale, trans. Bible, Acts IX:

     The men which acompanyed him on his waye stode amased, for they herde a voyce, butt sawe no man.

Usage notes

• (US usage) Some authorities insist that relative which be used only in non-restrictive clauses. For restrictive clauses (e.g., The song that you just mentioned is better than the later ones), they prefer that. But Fowler, who proposed the rule, himself acknowledged that it was "not the practice of most or of the best writers". Even E. B. White, a notorious "which-hunter", wrote this: "the premature expiration of a pig is, I soon discovered, a departure which the community marks solemnly on its calendar." In modern UK usage, The song which you just mentioned is better than the later ones is generally accepted without question.
• As a relative pronoun, which (not that) is used when the relative clause is non-restrictive (e.g., "I saw Tom's car, which was parked outside his house") or when it is the object of a preposition placed in front of the pronoun (e.g., "These are the things about which we shall talk", "There were many fish, the biggest of which...").
• When which (or the other relative pronouns who and that) is used as the subject of a relative clause, the verb agrees with the antecedent of the pronoun. Thus, "the thing which is...", "the things which are...", etc.
• Which is commonly used, sometimes with partitive of, instead of who (the ordinary interrogative pronoun, in the nominative singular or plural) to refer to a person or persons, and corresponding to what of things. Compare "which of us always uses who for people" and "who among us has never used which for a person". Neither "who of us" nor "which among us" is idiomatic.

Derived terms

• whichever
• whichsoever

Related terms

• every which way
• every which where
• which is which

Translations

Noun

which (plural whiches)

1. An occurrence of the word which.
   • 1959, William Van O'Connor, Modern prose, form and style (page 251)

     The ofs and the whiches have thrown our prose into a hundred-years' sleep.

   • 1989, Donald Ervin Knuth, Tracy Larrabee, Paul M. Roberts, Mathematical writing (page 90)

     Is it not true, TLL asked of Mary-Claire, that people invariably get their whiches and thats right when they speak?

Middle English

Alternative forms

• hwic, hwilc, hwilch, whiche, whilk, whyche, wilche

Pronoun

which

1. which
   • 1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41

     And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir… Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende. Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto. And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew. And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”

References

• “which” listed in the Middle English Dictionary [2001]