different between prune vs abbreviate

English

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /p?u?n/
• Rhymes: -u?n

Etymology 1

From Middle English prune, from Old French prune, from Vulgar Latin *pr?na, feminine singular formed from the neutral plural of Latin pr?num, from Ancient Greek ??????? (proûnon), variant of ???????? (proûmnon, “plum”), a loanword from a language of Asia Minor. Doublet of plum.

Noun

prune (plural prunes)

1. (obsolete) A plum.
2. The dried, wrinkled fruit of certain species of plum.

   Hyponym: alubukhara

3. (slang) An old woman, especially a wrinkly one.

Verb

prune (third-person singular simple present prunes, present participle pruning, simple past and past participle pruned)

1. (intransitive, informal) To become wrinkled like a dried plum, as the fingers and toes do when kept submerged in water.
   • 2005, Alycia Ripley, Traveling with an Eggplant (page 111)

     I hardly left that spot in my pool that month even when my fingers pruned and chlorine dried out my skin.

Synonyms

• see Thesaurus:old woman

Derived terms

Translations

Etymology 2

From Old French proignier (“to trim the feathers with the beak”), earlier prooignier, ultimately from Latin pro- ("front") + rotundus (“round”) 'to round-off the front'.

Verb

prune (third-person singular simple present prunes, present participle pruning, simple past and past participle pruned)

1. (transitive, horticulture) To remove excess material from a tree or shrub; to trim, especially to make more healthy or productive.

   A good grape grower will prune the vines once a year.
2. (transitive, figuratively) To cut down or shorten (by the removal of unnecessary material).

   to prune a budget, or an essay
3. (transitive, computer science) To remove unnecessary branches from a tree data structure.
4. (obsolete) To preen; to prepare; to dress.
   • 1676, John Dryden, All For Love, Epilogue.

     For 'tis observed of every scribbling man,

     He grows a fop as fast as e'er he can;

     Prunes up, and asks his oracle, the glass,

     If pink or purple best become his face.

   (Can we find and add a quotation of Edmund Spenser to this entry?)

Derived terms

• pruning
• alpha-beta pruning ^en

Translations

Anagrams

• Perun, unrep

French

Etymology

From Old French prune, from Vulgar Latin *pr?na, feminine singular formed from the neutral plural of Latin pr?num, from Ancient Greek ???????? (proûmnon).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /p?yn/

Noun

prune f (plural prunes)

1. plum
2. (slang) ticket (“traffic citation”)

Derived terms

Further reading

• “prune” in Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).

Latin

Noun

pr?ne

1. vocative singular of pr?nus

Middle English

Alternative forms

• pruna

Etymology

Borrowed from Old French prune, from Vulgar Latin *pr?na, from Latin pr?num, from Ancient Greek ??????? (proûnon), ???????? (proûmnon). Doublet of plomme.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /?priu?n(?)/

Noun

prune (plural prunes)

1. A plum (fruit of Prunus domestica)
2. A prune (dried plum)
3. (pathology) A large, rounded boil.

Descendants

• English: prune

References

• “pr?ne, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2019-05-26.

Old French

Etymology

From Vulgar Latin *pr?na, feminine singular formed from the neutral plural of Latin pr?num.

Noun

prune f (oblique plural prunes, nominative singular prune, nominative plural prunes)

1. plum (fruit)

Descendants

• French: prune
• Norman: preune
• Walloon: pronne
• ? Middle English: prune, pruna
  • English: prune

Romanian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /?pru.ne/

Noun

prune

1. plural of prun?

English

Etymology 1

Either from Middle English abbreviaten, from Latin abbrevi?tus, perfect passive participle of abbrevi? (“to shorten”), formed from ad + brevi? (“shorten”), from brevis (“short”) or back-formation from abbreviation. Doublet of abridge.

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /?.?b?i?.vi.e?t/
• (General American) IPA^(key): /??b?i.vi.e?t/

Verb

abbreviate (third-person singular simple present abbreviates, present participle abbreviating, simple past and past participle abbreviated)

1. (obsolete, transitive) To shorten by omitting parts or details. [Attested from around (1350 to 1470) until the late 17^th century.]
2. (obsolete, intransitive) To speak or write in a brief manner. [Attested from the late 16^th century until the early 17^th century.]
3. (transitive) To make shorter; to shorten (in time); to abridge; to shorten by ending sooner than planned. [First attested from around (1350 to 1470).]
4. (transitive) To reduce a word or phrase by means of contraction or omission to a shorter recognizable form. [First attested in the late 16^th century.]
5. (transitive, mathematics) To reduce to lower terms, as a fraction.

Synonyms

• abridge
• compress
• condense
• contract
• curtail
• epitomize
• reduce
• shorten

Antonyms

• amplify
• dilate
• elongate
• enlarge
• expand
• expatiate
• extend
• lengthen
• produce
• prolong
• stretch

Related terms

• abbreviation
• abbreviator

Translations

Etymology 2

• From Late Latin abbrevi?tus, perfect passive participle of abbrevi? (“abbreviate”).

Pronunciation

• (General American) IPA^(key): /??b?i.vi.?t/, /??b?i.vi.e?t/

Adjective

abbreviate (comparative more abbreviate, superlative most abbreviate)

1. (obsolete) Abbreviated; abridged; shortened. [Attested from around (1350 to 1470) until the late 17^th century]
2. (biology) Having one part relatively shorter than another or than the ordinary type. [First attested in the mid 19^th century.]

Translations

Pronunciation

• (US) IPA^(key): /??b?i.vi.e?t/

Noun

abbreviate (plural abbreviates)

1. (obsolete) An abridgment. [Mid 16^th century.]

Translations

References

Interlingua

Adjective

abbreviate (comparative plus abbreviate, superlative le plus abbreviate)

1. Being abbreviated.

Italian

Verb

abbreviate

1. second-person plural present of abbreviare
2. second-person plural imperative of abbreviare

Anagrams

• abbeverati

Latin

Verb

abbrevi?te

1. second-person plural present active imperative of abbrevi?

Scots

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /??bri?v??t/

Noun

abbreviate (plural abbreviates)

1. (law) an abstract, an abridgement

Usage notes

• Used in adjudication and sequestration.