different between penumbra vs umbra
penumbra
English
Etymology
From New Latin penumbra, from Latin paene (“almost”) + umbra (“shadow”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /p??n?mb??/, enPR: p?-n?m'br?
- Hyphenation: pen?um?bra or pe?num?bra
Noun
penumbra (plural penumbras or penumbrae)
- A partially shaded area around the edges of a shadow, especially an eclipse.
- 2011, Galen C. Duree, Jr., Optics for Dummies, Wiley Publishing, Inc. (2011), ?ISBN, page 61:
- The other places see the penumbra of the moon's shadow fall on the earth, so the eclipse is partial, and part of the sun's disc is still visible.
- 2011, Frank McLynn, Captain Cook: Master of the Seas, Yale University Press (2011), ?ISBN, page 112:
- In the boiling temperature of 119 ° F – the hottest they had experienced so far – they watched as the penumbra of Venus blurred its outline at the precise moment the disc crossed the sun.
- 2012, Michael A. Seeds & Dana E. Backman, Horizons: Exploring the Universe, Brooks/Cole (2012), ?ISBN, page 37:
- The part of the moon that remains in the penumbra receives some direct sunlight, and the glare is usually great enough to prevent your seeing the faint coppery glow of the part of the moon in the umbra.
- 2011, Galen C. Duree, Jr., Optics for Dummies, Wiley Publishing, Inc. (2011), ?ISBN, page 61:
- (astronomy) A region around the edge of a sunspot, darker than the sun's surface but lighter than the middle of the sunspot.
- (figuratively) An area of uncertainty or intermediacy between two mutually exclusive states or categories.
- 1998, Debraj Ray, Development Economics, Princeton University Press (1998), ?ISBN, pages 346-347:
- These firms or businesses are not illegal in the strict sense, but there is a shadowy penumbra within which they live, and it is often convenient for the government to look the other way.
- 2010, Denis Farkasfalvy, Inspiration and Interpretation: A Theological Introduction to Sacred Scripture, The Catholic University of America Press (2010), ?ISBN, page 188:
- […] God chose to descend into the realm of human imperfection, where the light of truth is spare and must exist in the penumbra of partial knowledge mixed with partial ignorance.
- 2011, Bill Schwartz, The White Man's World, Oxford University Press (2011), ?ISBN, page 136:
- Unlike some of his contemporaries Parkes never implied that the Irish were close, in the racial hierarchy, to black, condemned to some racial penumbra, between black and white; but nor, given Catholic exclusion from the given traditions of his native radicalism, were the Irish white in the same way that he was.
- 1998, Debraj Ray, Development Economics, Princeton University Press (1998), ?ISBN, pages 346-347:
- (figuratively) An area that lies on the edge of something; a fringe.
- 1975, Bryan R. Wilson, The Noble Savages: The Primitive Origins of Charisma and Its Contemporary Survival, Quantum Books (1975), ?ISBN, page 116:
- Whilst the orthodox, de-charismatized churches steadily lose influence and support and the new cults develop, in the religious penumbra there have persisted, during the last century, echoes of charisma.
- 1986, John McCormick, "Chicago Bounces Back", Newsweek, Volume 108, page 42:
- But for all the expansionist energy of a metro area that sprawls from Wisconsin to Indiana (total population: 7.2 million), downtown Chicago and its penumbra also stand rejuvenated.
- 2000, Steve Jones, The Language of Genes, Flamingo (2000), ?ISBN, page xv:
- Some are accounts of the latest advances, but too many are in that weary penumbra of science inhabited by sociologists, who wander like children in a toyshop, playing with devices they scarcely understand.
- 1975, Bryan R. Wilson, The Noble Savages: The Primitive Origins of Charisma and Its Contemporary Survival, Quantum Books (1975), ?ISBN, page 116:
- Something related to, connected to, and implied by, the existence of something else that is necessary for the second thing to be full and complete in its essential aspects.
- 1965, William O. Douglas, Griswold v. Connecticut, United States Reports, 381 U.S. 479
- The foregoing [United States Supreme Court] cases suggest that specific guarantees in the Bill of Rights have penumbras, formed by emanations from those guarantees that help give them life and substance.
- 1965, William O. Douglas, Griswold v. Connecticut, United States Reports, 381 U.S. 479
- (medicine, preceded by "ischaemic", after a stroke) A region of the brain that has lost only some of its blood supply, and retains structural integrity but has lost function.
Synonyms
- (area of uncertainty or intermediacy): grey area
- (area that lies on the edge of something): periphery, outskirt
Translations
Further reading
- Douglas Harper (2001–2021) , “penumbra”, in Online Etymology Dictionary
Finnish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /?penumbr?/, [?pe?numbr?]
- Rhymes: -enumbr?
- Syllabification: pe?numb?ra
Noun
penumbra
- penumbra
Declension
Synonyms
- (part of a shadow): puolivarjo
Portuguese
Etymology
From New Latin penumbra, from Latin paene (“almost”) + umbra (“shadow”).
Pronunciation
- (Portugal) IPA(key): /p?.?n?.b??/
- Hyphenation: pe?num?bra
Noun
penumbra f (plural penumbras)
- situation of low light
Romanian
Noun
penumbra f
- definite nominative/accusative singular of penumbr?
Spanish
Pronunciation
- Hyphenation: pe?num?bra
Noun
penumbra f (plural penumbras)
- half-light
- shadow, shade
- 1926, Federico García Lorca, Oda a salvador Dalí
- El mundo tiene sordas penumbras y desorden,
- en los primeros términos que el humano frecuenta.
- Pero ya las estrellas ocultando paisajes,
- señalan el esquema perfecto de sus órbitas.
- 1926, Federico García Lorca, Oda a salvador Dalí
- penumbra
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umbra
English
Etymology
Borrowed from Latin umbra (“shadow”). Doublet of umber.
Pronunciation
- enPR: ?m?br?, IPA(key): /??mb??/
- Rhymes: -?mb??
- Hyphenation: um?bra
Noun
umbra (plural umbras or umbrae)
- The fully shaded inner region of a shadow cast by an opaque object.
- (astronomy) The area on the earth or moon experiencing the total phase of an eclipse.
- (astronomy) The central region of a sunspot.
- (chiefly literary) A shadow.
- (archaic) An uninvited guest brought along by one who was invited.
- One of the family Umbridae of mudminnows.
- A sciaenoid fish, the umbrine.
Coordinate terms
- antumbra
- penumbra
Derived terms
Translations
Anagrams
- Burma, rumba
Catalan
Noun
umbra f (plural umbres)
- female equivalent of umbre
Adjective
umbra
- feminine singular of umbre
Danish
Etymology
From Latin umbra (“shadow”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /?mbra/, [??mb???]
Noun
umbra c (singular definite umbraen, not used in plural form)
- umber (pigment, colour)
- (as an adjective) umber (of a reddish brown colour)
Finnish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /?umbr?/, [?umbr?]
- Rhymes: -umbr?
- Syllabification: umb?ra
Noun
umbra
- umbra
Declension
Synonyms
- (part of a shadow): täysvarjo
Anagrams
- Burma, burma, rumba
Interlingua
Etymology
From Latin.
Noun
umbra (plural umbras)
- shadow
Italian
Adjective
umbra
- feminine singular of umbro
Noun
umbra f (plural umbre)
- female equivalent of umbro
Anagrams
- bruma, rumba
Latin
Etymology
If from Old Latin *omra, possibly from a Proto-Indo-European *h?mr-u-, *h?mrup-; related to Ancient Greek ??????? (amaurós, “dark”), Luwian ???????????????????? (“rot”), and ???????????????? (“rotten”) (also see Hittite Maraššantiya, their name for the K?z?l?rmak River), and this Indo-European source is said to be a possible borrowing from a Semitic root ?-m-r (“be red”), compare Arabic ? ? ?? (? m r).
Generally connected with Lithuanian unksna.
Pronunciation
- (Classical) IPA(key): /?um.bra/, [??mb?ä]
- (Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /?um.bra/, [?umb??]
Noun
umbra f (genitive umbrae); first declension
- a shadow
- a shade
- a ghost
Declension
First-declension noun.
Derived terms
Related terms
- umbr?ti?
Descendants
References
- umbra in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- umbra in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- umbra in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré Latin-Français, Hachette
- Carl Meissner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book?[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
- umbra in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898) Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
- De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)?[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, ?ISBN
Norwegian Nynorsk
Etymology
From Latin umbra (“shade, shadow”).
Noun
umbra m (definite singular umbraen, indefinite plural umbraer or umbraar, definite plural umbraene or umbraane)
- (chemistry)
- a dark earthy colour
- (astronomy) the shade from a planet
- (astronomy, by extension) central region of a sunspot
References
- “umbra” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
Romanian
Noun
umbra f
- definite nominative/accusative singular of umbr?
Spanish
Adjective
umbra f
- feminine singular of umbro
Noun
umbra f (plural umbras, masculine umbro, masculine plural umbros)
- female equivalent of umbro
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