different between passing vs perfunctory
passing
English
Etymology
From pass +? -ing.
Pronunciation
- (UK) IPA(key): /?p??s??/
Verb
passing
- present participle of pass
Descendants
- Japanese: ????? (passhingu)
Adjective
passing (comparative more passing, superlative most passing)
- That passes away; ephemeral. [from 14th c.]
- 1814, Lord Byron, Lara, I.15:
- And solace sought he none from priest nor leech, / And soon the same in movement and in speech / As heretofore he fill'd the passing hours […]
- 2010, Marianne Kirby, The Guardian, 21 Sep 2010:
- It might be possible to dismiss #dittowatch as just another passing internet fancy. After all, hashtags are ephemeral.
- 1814, Lord Byron, Lara, I.15:
- (now rare, literary) Pre-eminent, excellent, extreme. [from 14th c.]
- 1835, Washington Irving, The Crayon Miscellany:
- It was by dint of passing strength, / That he moved the massy stone at length.
- 1847, Robert Holmes, The Case of Ireland Stated:
- That parliament was destined, in one short hour of convulsive strength, in one short hour of passing glory, to humble the pride and alarm the fears of England.
- 1835, Washington Irving, The Crayon Miscellany:
- Vague, cursory. [from 18th c.]
- 2011, Stewart J Lawrence, The Guardian, 14 Jun 2011:
- Ardent pro-lifer Rick Santorum made one passing reference to "authenticity" as a litmus test for a conservative candidate, but if he was obliquely referring to Romney (and he was), you could be excused for missing the dig.
- 2011, Stewart J Lawrence, The Guardian, 14 Jun 2011:
- Going past.
Translations
Adverb
passing (not comparable)
- (literary or archaic) Surpassingly, greatly. [from 14th c.]
- 2010 October 30, Simon Hattenstone, The Guardian:
- I find it passing strange that convicts understand honest folk, but honest folk don't understand convicts.
- 2010 October 30, Simon Hattenstone, The Guardian:
Usage notes
- This use is sometimes misconstrued as meaning "vaguely" or "slightly" (perhaps by confusion with such phrases as "passing fancy", under Adjective, above), leading to formations such as "more than passing clever" etc.
Translations
Noun
passing (countable and uncountable, plural passings)
- Death, dying; the end of something. [from 14th c.]
- The fact of going past; a movement from one place to another or a change from one state to another. [from 14th c.]
- 1913, Oliver Onions, The Story of Louie
- And since he did not see Louie by the folding door, Louie knew that in his former passings and repassings he could not have seen her either.
- 1913, Oliver Onions, The Story of Louie
- (law) The act of approving a bill etc. [from 15th c.]
- (sports) The act of passing a ball etc. to another player. [from 19th c.]
- A form of juggling where several people pass props between each other, usually clubs or rings.
- (sociology) The ability of a person to be regarded as a member of an identity group or category different from their own.
- Coordinate term: pass
- 1963, Erving Goffman, 'Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity' , Ch.2 at p.57, 58 (page numbers per the Pelican Books 1976 reprint)
- When there is a discrepancy between an individual's actual social identity and his virtual one, it is possible for this fact to be known to us before we normals contact him, or to be quite evident when he presents himself before us. He is a discredited person, and it is mainly he I have been dealing with until now.
[...] However, when his differentness is not immediately apparent, and is not known beforehand, [...] he is a discreditable, not a discredited person [...]. The issue is [...] that of managing information about his failing. To display or not to display; to tell or not to tell; to let on or not to let on; to lie or not to lie; and in each case, to whom, how, when, and where.
[...] It is this second general issue, the management of undisclosed discrediting information about self, that I am focusing on in these notes - in brief, 'passing'.
- When there is a discrepancy between an individual's actual social identity and his virtual one, it is possible for this fact to be known to us before we normals contact him, or to be quite evident when he presents himself before us. He is a discredited person, and it is mainly he I have been dealing with until now.
Translations
French
Etymology
From English passing.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /p?.si?/
Noun
passing m (uncountable)
- (juggling) passing
- Le passing, ou comment jongler à plusieurs. (www.multiloisirs.com)
Further reading
- “passing” in Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).
passing From the web:
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perfunctory
English
Etymology
From Late Latin perfunct?rius, from the past participial stem of perfungor, perfunct- (“perform, carry through”), from per- + fungor.
Pronunciation
- (UK) IPA(key): /p??f??k.t(?)??/
- (US) IPA(key): /p??f??k.t?.i/
Adjective
perfunctory (comparative more perfunctory, superlative most perfunctory)
- Done only or merely to conform to a minimal standard or to fulfill a protocol or presumptive duty .
- Synonyms: automatic, cursory, obligatory, pro forma, token, unthinking
- 1975, Saul Bellow, Humboldt's Gift [Avon ed., 1976, p. 338]:
- He then poured some wine for me to taste, and harassed me with perfunctory courtesies that had to be acknowledged.
- Performed in a careless or indifferent manner as a thing of rote.
- Synonyms: haphazard, mechanical, slipshod
- Antonyms: careful, complete, thorough
Related terms
- perfunctorily
- perfunctoriness
Translations
See also
- pro forma
perfunctory From the web:
- perfunctory meaning
- what perfunctory mean in arabic
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- what does perfunctory
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