different between passage vs abstract

English

Etymology 1

Borrowed into Middle English from Old French passage, from passer (“to pass”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /?pæs?d??/

Adjective

passage (not comparable)

1. Describing a bird that has left the nest, is living on its own, but is less than a year old. (commonly used in falconry)

   Passage red-tailed hawks are preferred by falconers because these younger birds have not yet developed the adult behaviors which would make them more difficult to train.

Noun

passage (plural passages)

1. A paragraph or section of text or music with particular meaning.

   passage of scripture

   She struggled to play the difficult passages.

2. Part of a path or journey.

   He made his passage through the trees carefully, mindful of the stickers.

3. An incident or episode.
   • 1961, United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs, Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961: Hearings

     But there are those who do not feel that the sordid passages of life should be kept off the stage. It is a matter of opinion.

4. The official approval of a bill or act by a parliament. [from 17th c.]

   The company was one of the prime movers in lobbying for the passage of the act.

5. The advance of time.

   Synonym: passing
6. (art) The use of tight brushwork to link objects in separate spatial plains. Commonly seen in Cubist works.
7. A passageway or corridor.
8. (caving) An underground cavity, formed by water or falling rocks, which is much longer than it is wide.
9. (euphemistic) The vagina.
   • 1986, Bertrice Small, A Love for All Time,^[1] New American Library, ?ISBN, page 463:

     With a look of triumph that he was unable to keep from his dark eyes he slid into her passage with one smooth thrust, […]

   • 1987, Usha Sarup, Expert Lovemaking, Jaico Publishing House, ?ISBN, page 53:

     This way, the tip of your penis will travel up and down her passage.

   • 2009, Cat Lindler, Kiss of a Traitor, Medallion Press, ?ISBN, page 249:

     At the same moment, Aidan plunged two fingers deep into her passage and broke through her fragile barrier.

10. The act of passing; movement across or through.
    • 1886, Pacific medical journal Volume 29

      He claimed that he felt the passage of the knife through the ilio-cæcal valve, from the very considerable pain which it caused.

11. The right to pass from one place to another.
12. A fee paid for passing or for being conveyed between places.
13. Serial passage, a technique used in bacteriology and virology
14. (dice games, now historical) A gambling game for two players using three dice, in which the object is to throw a double over ten. [from 15th c.]

Derived terms

• passage maker, passagemaker
• Restronguet Passage
• rite of passage

Translations

Verb

passage (third-person singular simple present passages, present participle passaging, simple past and past participle passaged)

1. (medicine) To pass something, such as a pathogen or stem cell, through a host or medium

   He passaged the virus through a series of goats.

   After 24 hours, the culture was passaged to an agar plate.

2. (rare) To make a passage, especially by sea; to cross

   They passaged to America in 1902.

Etymology 2

From French passager, from Italian passeggiare

Pronunciation

• (UK) IPA^(key): /?pas???/

Noun

passage (plural passages)

1. (dressage) A movement in classical dressage, in which the horse performs a very collected, energetic, and elevated trot that has a longer period of suspension between each foot fall than a working trot.

Translations

Verb

passage (third-person singular simple present passages, present participle passaging, simple past and past participle passaged)

1. (intransitive, dressage) To execute a passage movement

Further reading

• passage in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913.
• passage in The Century Dictionary, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911.
• passage at OneLook Dictionary Search

Dutch

Etymology

From passeren +? -age

Pronunciation

• Hyphenation: pas?sa?ge

Noun

passage f (plural passages, diminutive passagetje n)

1. A paragraph or section of text with particular meaning. ~ of scripture.
2. a passage way in a city.

French

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /p?.sa?/, /pa.sa?/
• Homophones: passagent, passages
• Rhymes: -a?

Etymology 1

From Old French, from passer +? -age.

Noun

passage m (plural passages)

1. The act of going through a place or event.
2. The time when such an act occurs.
3. (uncountable) Circulation, traffic, movement.
4. (astronomy) Moment when a star or planet occults another,or crosses a meridian.
5. A short stay.
6. A trip or travel, especially by boat.
7. The act of going from a state to another.
8. Graduation from a school year.
9. The act of making something undergo a process.
10. the act of handing something to someone.
11. An access way.
12. A laid out way allowing to go across something.
13. An alley or alleyway off-limits to cars.
14. A paragraph or section of text or music.

Derived terms

Descendants

• ? Portuguese: passagem

Etymology 2

Verb form of passager.

Verb

passage

1. first-person singular present indicative of passager
2. third-person singular present indicative of passager
3. first-person singular present subjunctive of passager
4. third-person singular present subjunctive of passager
5. second-person singular imperative of passager

Further reading

• “passage” in Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).

Old French

Noun

passage m (oblique plural passages, nominative singular passages, nominative plural passage)

1. passage (part of a route or journey)

Descendants

• ? English: passage
• French: passage
  • ? Portuguese: passagem
• ? Swedish: passage

Swedish

Etymology

From Old French passage, from passer (“to pass”)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /pa?s???/, /pa?s???/

Noun

passage c

1. access, transit

   Synonym: genomgång

Declension

References

• passage in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
• passage in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

English

Etymology

From Middle English abstract, borrowed from Latin abstractus, perfect passive participle of abstrah? (“draw away”), formed from abs- (“away”) + trah? (“to pull, draw”). The verbal sense is first attested in 1542.

Pronunciation

• Noun:
  • IPA^(key): /?æb?st?ækt/
• Adjective:
  • (UK) IPA^(key): /?æb?st?ækt/
  • (US) IPA^(key): /?æb?st?ækt/, /?b?st?ækt/, /?æb?st?ækt/
• Verb:
  • IPA^(key): /?æb?st?ækt/, /?b?st?ækt/

Noun

abstract (plural abstracts)

1. An abridgement or summary of a longer publication. [First attested around 1350 to 1470.]

   • An analysis and abstract of every treatise he had read.

2. Something that concentrates in itself the qualities of a larger item, or multiple items. [First attested in the mid 16^th century.]
   • 1628, John Ford, The Lover's Melancholy

     Man, the abstract Of all perfection, which the workmanship Of Heaven hath modeled.

   1. Concentrated essence of a product.
   2. (medicine) A powdered solid extract of a medicinal substance mixed with lactose.
3. An abstraction; an abstract term; that which is abstract. [First attested in the mid 16^th century.]
   • 1843, John Stuart Mill, A System of Logic

     The concretes "father" and "son" have, or might have, the abstracts "paternity" and "filiety".

4. The theoretical way of looking at things; something that exists only in idealized form. [First attested in the early 17^th century.]
5. (art) An abstract work of art. [First attested in the early 20^th century.]
6. (real estate) A summary title of the key points detailing a tract of land, for ownership; abstract of title.

Usage notes

• (theoretical way of looking at things): Preceded, typically, by the.

Synonyms

• (statement summarizing the important points of a text): abridgment, compendium, epitome, synopsis

Derived terms

• abstract of title

Descendants

• Norwegian Bokmål: abstrakt

Translations

Adjective

abstract (comparative more abstract or abstracter, superlative most abstract or abstractest)

1. (obsolete) Derived; extracted. [Attested from around 1350 to 1470 until the late 15^th century.]
2. (now rare) Drawn away; removed from; apart from; separate. [First attested around 1350 to 1470.]
   • 17th century, John Norris (philosopher), The Oxford Dictionary:

     The more abstract we are from the body ... the more fit we shall be to behold divine light.

3. Not concrete: conceptual, ideal. [First attested around 1350 to 1470.]

   Synonyms: conceptual, ideal, imaginary, incorporeal, intangible, nonempirical, theoretical

   Antonyms: actual, concrete, corporeal, empirical

4. Difficult to understand; abstruse; hard to conceptualize. [First attested around 1350 to 1470.]

   Synonym: abstruse

5. Separately expressing a property or attribute of an object that is considered to be inherent to that object: attributive, ascriptive. [First attested around 1350 to 1470.]

   Synonyms: attributive, ascriptive

   • 1843, John Stuart Mill, A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, Volume 1, page 34,

     A concrete name is a name which stands for a thing; an abstract name which stands for an attribute of a thing...

6. Pertaining comprehensively to, or representing, a class or group of objects, as opposed to any specific object; considered apart from any application to a particular object: general, generic, nonspecific; representational. [First attested by Locke in 1689.]

   Synonyms: general, generalized, generic, nonspecific, representational

   Antonyms: discrete, specific, particular, precise

   • 1843, John Stuart Mill, A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, Volume 1, page 34,

     A concrete name is a name which stands for a thing; an abstract name which stands for an attribute of a thing. […] A practice, however, has grown up in more modern times, which, if not introduced by Locke, has gained currency from his example, of applying the expression "abstract name" to all names which are the result of abstraction and generalization, and consequently to all general names, instead of confining it to the names of attributes.
7. (archaic) Absent-minded. [First attested in the early 16^th century.]

   • abstract, as in a trance
8. (art) Pertaining to the formal aspect of art, such as the lines, colors, shapes, and the relationships among them. [First attested in the mid 19^th century.]
   1. (art, often capitalized) Free from representational qualities, in particular the non-representational styles of the 20^th century. [First attested in the mid 19^th century.]
   2. (music) Absolute.
   3. (dance) Lacking a story.
9. Insufficiently factual.

   Synonym: formal

10. Apart from practice or reality; vague; theoretical; impersonal; not applied.

    Synonyms: conceptual, theoretical

    Antonyms: applied, practical

11. (grammar) As a noun, denoting an intangible as opposed to an object, place, or person.
12. (computing) Of a class in object-oriented programming, being a partial basis for subclasses rather than a complete template for objects.

Derived terms

Translations

See also

• reify

Verb

abstract (third-person singular simple present abstracts, present participle abstracting, simple past and past participle abstracted)

1. (transitive) To separate; to disengage. [First attested around 1350 to 1470.]
2. (transitive) To remove; to take away; withdraw. [First attested in the late 15^th century.]
3. (transitive, euphemistic) To steal; to take away; to remove without permission. [First attested in the late 15^th century.]
   • 1872, William Black, The Strange Adventures of a Phaeton

     Von Rosen had quietly abstracted the bearing-reins from the harness.

   • 2014, A P Simester, J R Spencer, G R Sullivan, Simester and Sullivan's Criminal Law: Theory and Doctrine

     Section 13 of the 1968 Act enacts a separate offence of dishonestly abstracting electricity. The separate offence is needed because electricity, like other forms of energy such as heat, is not property.

4. (transitive) To summarize; to abridge; to epitomize. [First attested in the late 16^th century.]

   (Can we find and add a quotation of Franklin to this entry?)

5. To conceptualize an ideal subgroup by means of the generalization of an attribute, as follows: by apprehending an attribute inherent to one individual, then separating that attribute and contemplating it by itself, then conceiving of that attribute as a general quality, then despecifying that conceived quality with respect to several or many individuals, and by then ideating a group composed of those individuals perceived to possess said quality.
6. (transitive, obsolete) To extract by means of distillation. [Attested from the early 17^th century until the early 18^th century.]
7. (transitive) To consider abstractly; to contemplate separately or by itself; to consider theoretically; to look at as a general quality. [First attested in the early 17^th century.]
8. (intransitive, reflexive, literally, figuratively) To withdraw oneself; to retire. [First attested in the mid 17^th century.]
9. (transitive) To draw off (interest or attention).
   • June 1869, William Blackwood, Late for the Train (published in Blackwood's Magazine)

     The young stranger had been abstracted and silent.

   He was wholly abstracted by other objects.

10. (intransitive, rare) To perform the process of abstraction.
    • 1710, George Berkeley, A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge

      I own myself able to abstract in one sense.

11. (intransitive, fine arts) To create abstractions.
12. (intransitive, computing) To produce an abstraction, usually by refactoring existing code. Generally used with "out".

    He abstracted out the square root function.

Conjugation

Usage notes

• (to separate or disengage): Followed by the word from.
• (to withdraw oneself): Followed by the word from.
• (to summarize): Pronounced predominantly as /?æb?strækt/.
• All other senses are pronounced as /æb?strækt/.

Synonyms

• (to remove, separate, take away, or withdraw): remove, separate, take away, withdraw
• (to abridge, epitomize, or summarize): abridge, epitomize, summarize
• (to filch, purloin, or steal): filch, purloin, steal

Derived terms

Related terms

Translations

References

• abstract at OneLook Dictionary Search
• abstract in Keywords for Today: A 21st Century Vocabulary, edited by The Keywords Project, Colin MacCabe, Holly Yanacek, 2018.
• abstract in The Century Dictionary, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911.
• abstract in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913.

Dutch

Etymology

Borrowed from Middle French abstract, from Latin abstractus; cf. English abstract.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /?p?str?kt/
• Hyphenation: ab?stract
• Rhymes: -?kt

Adjective

abstract (comparative abstracter, superlative abstractst)

1. abstract
2. (art) abstract

   Antonym: figuratief

Inflection

Derived terms

• abstractie

Descendants

• Afrikaans: abstrak
• ? Indonesian: abstrak

Middle English

Alternative forms

• abstracte

Etymology

From Latin abstractus, from abstrah?.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ab?strakt(?)/

Adjective

abstract (Late Middle English, rare)

1. Drawn away or out of; detached:
   1. Excerpted; quoted from another text.
   2. Out of one's mind or detached from reality; temporarily insane.
   3. Having been (pulled or moved) above the ground.
   4. Barely comprehensible; hard to read.
   5. (grammar) Abstract (of a noun).

Related terms

Descendants

• English: abstract
• Scots: abstract

References

• “abstract, ppl.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-05-24.

Noun

abstract

1. (Late Middle English, rare) abstract, synopsis

Descendants

• English: abstract
  • Norwegian Bokmål: abstrakt
• Scots: abstract

References

• “abstract, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-05-24.

Romanian

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin abstractus, German Abstrakt.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ab?strakt/

Adjective

abstract m or n (feminine singular abstract?, masculine plural abstrac?i, feminine and neuter plural abstracte)

1. abstract

Declension

Antonyms

• concret

Related terms

References

Scots

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /??bstrak(t)/

Noun

abstract (plural abstracts)

1. abstract

Adjective

abstract (comparative mair abstract, superlative maist abstract)

1. abstract

Verb

abstract (third-person singular present abstracts, present participle abstractin, past abstractt, past participle abstractt)

1. abstract