different between laborer vs coolie

laborer

English

Alternative forms

  • labourer

Etymology

labor +? -er

Pronunciation

  • (US) IPA(key): /?le?.b?.?/

Noun

laborer (plural laborers)

  1. (American spelling) One who uses body strength instead of intellectual power to earn a wage, usually hourly.

Related terms

  • laborist

Translations


Old French

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin lab?r?re, present active infinitive of lab?r?.

Verb

laborer

  1. to work; to labor

Conjugation

This verb conjugates as a first-group verb ending in -er. This verb has a stressed present stem labeur distinct from the unstressed stem labor. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.

Related terms

  • labour

Descendants

  • Middle French: labourer
    • French: labourer
  • Norman: labouother
  • ? Middle English: labouren
    • English: labour, labor
    • Scots: laubour

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coolie

English

Alternative forms

  • cooly, kuli, quli, koelie, etc.

Etymology

From Hindi ????? (qul?) and Urdu ???? (qul?, hired laborer), possibly from Ottoman Turkish ???? (kul, servant). Another theory says that it is named after a Gujarati tribe or caste of that name. Other forms occur in Bengali ???? (kuli) and Tamil ???? (k?li, daily hire). Possibly also influenced by Hindi ???? (kol?, weaver; low-class).

Mandarin ?? (k?lì, hard labor) may have been influenced by cognates of the above Hindi word in other languages and may have further influenced English.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /?ku?li/
  • Rhymes: -u?li

Noun

coolie (plural coolies)

  1. (offensive) An unskilled Asian worker, usually of Chinese or Indian descent; a labourer; a porter. Coolies were frequently transported to other countries in the 19th and early 20th centuries as indentured labourers.
    • 1992, Jan Breman, E. Valentine Daniel, Conclusion: The Maiking of a Coolie, E. Valentine Daniel, Henry Bernstein, Tom Brass (editors), Plantations, Proletarians, and Peasants in Colonial Asia, Frank Cass & Co., page 268,
      Coolie-identity is as much the product of self-perception as it is the construction of a category by those who did not belong to it. It is these constructions that historically constituted a coolie in the matrix of power relations which this essay seeks to partially comprehend.
    • 2008, Lisa Yun, The Coolie Speaks: Chinese Indentured Laborers and African Slaves in Cuba, Temple University Press, page xix,
      Community histories did not necessarily feature the coolie, partly due to the fact that “coolie” is a classed term. Asian coolies were regarded as lowly laborers.
  2. (offensive, Trinidad and Tobago, Caribbean, Guyana, Jamaican, South Africa and other parts of Africa) An Indian or a person of Indian descent.

Derived terms

  • Coolie Christmas
  • coolie hat
  • coolie orange

Translations

Descendants

  • ? Romanian: culi

References

  • Yule, Henry and Burnell, A. C. (1886): Hobson-Jobson The Anglo-Indian Dictionary. Reprint: Ware, Hertfordshire. Wordsworth Editions Limited. 1996.
  • Le grand dictionnaire Ricci de la langue chinoise, (2001), Vol. III, p. 833.

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