different between laborer vs coolie
laborer
English
Alternative forms
- labourer
Etymology
labor +? -er
Pronunciation
- (US) IPA(key): /?le?.b?.?/
Noun
laborer (plural laborers)
- (American spelling) One who uses body strength instead of intellectual power to earn a wage, usually hourly.
Related terms
- laborist
Translations
Old French
Etymology
Borrowed from Latin lab?r?re, present active infinitive of lab?r?.
Verb
laborer
- to work; to labor
Conjugation
This verb conjugates as a first-group verb ending in -er. This verb has a stressed present stem labeur distinct from the unstressed stem labor. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.
Related terms
- labour
Descendants
- Middle French: labourer
- French: labourer
- Norman: labouother
- ? Middle English: labouren
- English: labour, labor
- Scots: laubour
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coolie
English
Alternative forms
- cooly, kuli, quli, koelie, etc.
Etymology
From Hindi ????? (qul?) and Urdu ???? (qul?, “hired laborer”), possibly from Ottoman Turkish ???? (kul, “servant”). Another theory says that it is named after a Gujarati tribe or caste of that name. Other forms occur in Bengali ???? (kuli) and Tamil ???? (k?li, “daily hire”). Possibly also influenced by Hindi ???? (kol?, “weaver; low-class”).
Mandarin ?? (k?lì, “hard labor”) may have been influenced by cognates of the above Hindi word in other languages and may have further influenced English.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /?ku?li/
- Rhymes: -u?li
Noun
coolie (plural coolies)
- (offensive) An unskilled Asian worker, usually of Chinese or Indian descent; a labourer; a porter. Coolies were frequently transported to other countries in the 19th and early 20th centuries as indentured labourers.
- 1992, Jan Breman, E. Valentine Daniel, Conclusion: The Maiking of a Coolie, E. Valentine Daniel, Henry Bernstein, Tom Brass (editors), Plantations, Proletarians, and Peasants in Colonial Asia, Frank Cass & Co., page 268,
- Coolie-identity is as much the product of self-perception as it is the construction of a category by those who did not belong to it. It is these constructions that historically constituted a coolie in the matrix of power relations which this essay seeks to partially comprehend.
- 2008, Lisa Yun, The Coolie Speaks: Chinese Indentured Laborers and African Slaves in Cuba, Temple University Press, page xix,
- Community histories did not necessarily feature the coolie, partly due to the fact that “coolie” is a classed term. Asian coolies were regarded as lowly laborers.
- 1992, Jan Breman, E. Valentine Daniel, Conclusion: The Maiking of a Coolie, E. Valentine Daniel, Henry Bernstein, Tom Brass (editors), Plantations, Proletarians, and Peasants in Colonial Asia, Frank Cass & Co., page 268,
- (offensive, Trinidad and Tobago, Caribbean, Guyana, Jamaican, South Africa and other parts of Africa) An Indian or a person of Indian descent.
Derived terms
- Coolie Christmas
- coolie hat
- coolie orange
Translations
Descendants
- ? Romanian: culi
References
- Yule, Henry and Burnell, A. C. (1886): Hobson-Jobson The Anglo-Indian Dictionary. Reprint: Ware, Hertfordshire. Wordsworth Editions Limited. 1996.
- Le grand dictionnaire Ricci de la langue chinoise, (2001), Vol. III, p. 833.
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