different between kulak vs kula

English

Alternative forms

• koulak
• kulack
• Kulak

Etymology

1877. From Russian ?????? (kulák, “wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person”), plural ??????? (kulakí). Compare also Russian ??????????????? (raskulá?ivanije, “dekulakization”), ???????????? (podkulá?nik, “subkulak”).

Pronunciation

• (UK) IPA^(key): /?ku?lak/
• (US) IPA^(key): /?kulæk/

Noun

kulak (plural kulaks or kulaki)

1. (historical) A prosperous peasant in the Russian Empire or the Soviet Union, who owned land and could hire workers.
   • 2002, Christopher Hitchens, "Martin Amis: Lightness at Midnight", The Atlantic, Sep 2002:

     The “internal organs,” as the CHEKA and the GPU and the KGB used to style themselves, were asked to police the mind for heresy as much as to torture kulaks to relinquish the food they withheld from the cities.

Usage notes

During Soviet state collectivization of farming in the 1920s and 1930s the label kulak, implying “tight-fisted”, was applied pejoratively to land-owning peasants in general.

Synonyms

• kurkul

Hypernyms

• employer    [WS]
• petit bourgeois

Related terms

• kulakism
• kulakize, kulakise
• kulakisation, kulakization
• dekulakise, de-kulakise, dekulakize, de-kulakize
• dekulakisation, de-kulakisation, dekulakization, de-kulakization
• self-dekulakisation, self-dekulakization
• subkulak

Translations

Quotations

• For quotations using this term, see Citations:kulak.

References

Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary: Tenth Edition 1997

Anagrams

• Kukla, Kulka

Czech

Etymology

From Russian ?????? (kulák, “wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [?kulak]
• Rhymes: -ulak
• Hyphenation: ku?lak

Noun

kulak m anim

1. (historical, derogatory) kulak, a prosperous peasant marked as an enemy of the people by the communist regime, especially in the time of forced collectivization (e. g. in Czechoslovakia 1948–cca 1960)

Declension

Derived terms

• dekulakizace
• kula?ka
• kulacký
• rozkula?ení
• rozkula?ený
• rozkula?it
• rozkula?ovat
• rozkula?ování
• rozkula?ovaný

Further reading

• kulak in P?íru?ní slovník jazyka ?eského, 1935–1957
• kulak in Slovník spisovného jazyka ?eského, 1960–1971, 1989

Anagrams

• klaku
• kluka
• kukal
• kukla
• kulka

Italian

Alternative forms

• culaco (uncommon)

Etymology

From Russian ?????? (kulák, “wealthy peasant; fist; tight-fisted person”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ku?lak/
• Hyphenation: ku?làk

Noun

kulak m (plural kulaki)

1. (historical) kulak (prosperous peasant in Russia)

References

• kulak in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

Norwegian Bokmål

Noun

kulak m (definite singular kulaken, indefinite plural kulaker, definite plural kulakene)

1. form removed with the spelling reform of 2005; superseded by kulakk

Norwegian Nynorsk

Noun

kulak m (definite singular kulaken, indefinite plural kulakar, definite plural kulakane)

1. form removed with the spelling reform of 2005; superseded by kulakk

Portuguese

Noun

kulak m (plural kulaks)

1. (historical) kulak (prosperous peasant in Russia)

Turkish

Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish ?????? (qulaq, “ear”), Old Anatolian Turkish ????? (qulaq, “ear”), from Proto-Turkic *kulkak (“ear”). Cognate with Old Turkic ????????????????????? (q?¹ul¹qq /qulqaq/). A possible cognate with Finnish kuulla

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ku.???k/
• Hyphenation: ku?lak

Noun

kulak (definite accusative kula??, plural kulaklar)

1. ear

Declension

Related terms

• kulakl?
• kulaks?z
• kulakl?k

English

Etymology 1

From a South Slavic language, from Turkish kule, from Persian ???? (qolle), from Arabic ??????? (qulla, “pinnacle, zenith”).

Noun

kula (plural kulas)

1. A tower, turret or steeple on the Balkans erected during the period of Ottoman domination on the area.
   • 1867, Georgina Mary Muir Mackenzie, Lady Georgina Mary Muir Sebright, Mackenzie Sebright, Adeline Paulina Irby, Travels in the Slavonic Provinces of Turkey-in-Europe, p. 107:

     Instead of the haïdooks, their next of kin, the zaptiés now hold a kula on the highest point of the pass; here one pauses to rest after scrambling up the vile Turkish road on one side of the ravine, and before scrambling down the vile Turkish road on the other.

   • 1998, Adil Zulfikarpaši?, Milovan Djilas, Nadežda Ga?e, The Bosniak, p.5:

     The most important kulas of the ?engi?-begs are those in Zagorje, in Rataji and the River Odžak near Ustikolina.

   • 1998, Miranda Vickers, Between Serb and Albanian, p. 111:

     The kulas were indeed like fortresses, with as many as twenty 'guns', ie. adult men ready to fight.

Etymology 2

Noun

kula (uncountable)

1. A ceremonial exchange system conducted in the Milne Bay Province of Papua New Guinea, involving the exchange of bracelets and necklaces, and linked to political authority.

Anagrams

• Kalu, Luka, lauk

Cebuano

Noun

kula

1. glue; or any sticky adhesive substance

Noun

kula

Verb

kula

1. to glue; to join or attach something using glue

Hawaiian

Noun

kula

1. field, open area

2. school

Hungarian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [?kul?]
• Hyphenation: ku?la
• Rhymes: -l?

Noun

kula (plural kulák)

1. (slang) shit

Declension

Javanese

Pronoun

kula

1. (polite) I

Kashubian

Etymology

From Low German. Cognate to German Kule, Kuhle.

Noun

kula

1. hole

References

• Leon Biskupski, Beiträge zur slavischen Dialektologie. I. Die Sprache der Brodnitzer Kaschuben im Kreise Karthaus (West-Preußen). I. Heft. Die Lautlehre. Abteilung A. – Inaugural-Dissertation, Druck von Breitkopf & Härtel in Leipzig, p. 12

Lindu

Noun

kula

1. ginger

Malay

Etymology

From Javanese ??? (kula).

Pronunciation

• (Johor-Selangor) IPA^(key): /kul?/
• (Riau-Lingga) IPA^(key): /kula/
• Rhymes: -ul?, -l?, -?

Noun

kula (Jawi spelling ?????, plural kula-kula, informal 1st possessive kulaku, impolite 2nd possessive kulamu, 3rd possessive kulanya)

1. (Java) slave

Pronoun

kula (Jawi spelling ?????)

1. (Java, possibly obsolete) I (me, my)

Synonyms

• aku
• saya

Ngarrindjeri

Noun

kula

1. male she oak tree.

Norwegian Bokmål

Alternative forms

• kulen

Noun

kula f

1. definite feminine singular of kule

Norwegian Nynorsk

Noun

kula f

1. definite singular of kule

Pali

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Alternative forms

Noun

kula ?

1. clan, caste, family

Polish

Etymology

Apparently from a Germanic language. In most senses cognate with German Kugel, in the sense «crutch» cognate with German Keule.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /?ku.la/

Noun

kula f (diminutive kulka)

1. ball (spherical object)

2. (mathematics, geometry, topology) ball
3. bullet
4. crutch

5. (sports) shot (the heavy iron ball)

Declension

See also

• pi?ka f; k??bek m

Anagrams

• luka

Descendants

• ? Belarusian: ????? (kúlja)
• ? Russian: ????? (púlja) (with sound changes)
• ? Ukrainian: ????? (kúlja)

Further reading

• kula in Wielki s?ownik j?zyka polskiego, Instytut J?zyka Polskiego PAN
• kula in Polish dictionaries at PWN

References

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish ???? (kulle) (Turkish kule), from Persian ???? (qolle), from Arabic ??????? (qulla, “pinnacle, zenith”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /k??la/
• Hyphenation: ku?la

Noun

kúla f (Cyrillic spelling ?????)

1. tower
2. turret
3. steeple
4. castle
5. (chess) rook

Declension

Synonyms

• (tower): toranj

See also

Sidamo

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /?kula/

Verb

kula

1. (transitive) to tell

References

• Kazuhiro Kawachi (2007) A grammar of Sidaama (Sidamo), a Cushitic language of Ethiopia, page 30

Sotho

Etymology

Cognate with Swahili -ugua.

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Verb

kula

1. to be sick/ill

Swahili

Verb

kula (verbal noun of the ku class)

1. infinitive of -la

Swedish

Etymology

From Old Norse kúla (“lump, swelling”), with the meaning of "sphere" influenced by Middle Low German kule (“depression, bulge”).

Pronunciation

• Rhymes: -²??la

Noun

kula c

1. a small ball made of earthenware, glass (marble) or a similar hard material; marble: spela kula; of steel in a ball bearing; sphere; testicle, often in the compound pungkula
2. bullet

3. (slang, chiefly in the plural) money

4. (heraldry) roundel

Declension

Derived terms

Tagalog

Verb

kula

1. to dry under the sun

Turkish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /k??la/
• Hyphenation: ku?la

Noun

kula

1. accusative singular of kul

Zacatepec Chatino

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Adjective

kula

1. old

Etymology 2

From Proto-Chatino *kwela, from Proto-Zapotecan *kw-ella.

Noun

kula

1. fish

Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

kula

1. star