different between kaffir vs bergamot

English

Alternative forms

• Caffer, caffre, kaffer, Kaffir, Kaffre, kafir, kaphar, kaphir, kafari

Etymology

Ultimately from Arabic ???????? (kaff?r, “infidel”) or ??????? (k?fir, “unbeliever”), both from ??????? (kafara, “to cover, to hide”); in some (especially early) uses, via Spanish cafre, Dutch kaffer or other European languages.

Pronunciation

• (UK) IPA^(key): /?kæf?/

Noun

kaffir (countable and uncountable, plural kaffirs)

1. (countable, offensive) In Islamic contexts, a non-Muslim. [from 16th c.]
   • 1804, Archibald Duncan, The Mariner's Chronicle, I:

     He […] put me in imminent danger of my life, by telling the natives that I was a Caffer, and not a Mussulman.

2. (countable, offensive) A member of the Nguni people of southern Africa, especially a Xhosa. [from 16th c.]
   • 1792, The Analytical Review, Or History of Literature, Domestic and Foreign, on an Enlarged Plan, Volume 14:

     … the Hambonaas, a nation quite different from the Kaffers, having a yellowish complexion […].

3. (countable, South Africa, Rhodesia, ethnic slur, offensive, derogatory) A black person. [from 17th c.]
   • 1959, Alf Ross, On Law and Justice:

     If you ask a Kaffir why he does so-and-so, he will answer—"How can I tell? It has always been done by our forefathers."

   • 1971, Naboth Mokgatle, The Autobiography of an Unknown South African:

     I once heard him say to the gardener, 'Come along, son.' His wife scolded him saying, 'He's not son, don't call him son, he's a kaffir.'

   • 1998, Antjie Krog, Country of My Skull:

     "… and today here a white man is calling me a kaffir. This term that I absolutely resented." And that, says Nofomela, is his political motive.
4. (uncountable, now historical, offensive) A language spoken by the Nguni peoples of southern Africa, especially Xhosa. [from 19th c.]
   • 1952, Doris Lessing, Martha Quest, Panther 1974, p. 73:

     This man, seeing a white person enter, moved aside for her, but she saw Joss's eyes on her, and said in kitchen kaffir, ‘No, when you've finished.’

5. (finance, slang, historical) South African mining shares [from early 20th c.]
   • 1907 Truth, Vol 62, pg 688

     Kaffirs bouyant most of last week

Usage notes

This word was widely used in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Since the mid-twentieth century it has been regarded as derogatory.

Derived terms

Translations

See also

• kafir
• Kaffir (ethnic slur) in Wikipedia

English

Pronunciation

• (US) IPA^(key): /?b????m?t/
• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /?b?????m?t/

Etymology 1

French bergamote, from Italian bergamotta, from Ottoman Turkish ?? ??????? (beg armudu, literally “a lord's pear”), denoting a fattish kind of pear. The European word developed the sense of a fruit of a certain citrus cultivar in the late 17th century.

Noun

bergamot (countable and uncountable, plural bergamots)

1. A tree of the orange family (Citrus × limon, syn. Citrus bergamia), having a roundish or pear-shaped fruit, from the rind of which an essential oil of delicious odor is extracted, much prized as a perfume.
2. The fruit from the bergamot tree
3. The essence or perfume made from the fruit.
4. A variety of snuff perfumed with bergamot.

   • The better hand […] gives the nose its bergamot.

5. Either of two plants of the mint family noted for their bergamot-like scent:
   1. Mentha × piperita, nothosubspecies citrata, more commonly known as bergamot mint
   2. Monarda didyma, also known as American bergamot or bee balm.
6. A variety of pear.

   (Can we find and add a quotation of Johnson to this entry?)

Derived terms

• wild bergamot

Translations

See also

• Earl Grey (tea flavored with bergamot)

Further reading

• bergamot on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• Bergamot in the 1920 edition of Encyclopedia Americana.

Etymology 2

From Bergamo

Noun

bergamot (usually uncountable, plural bergamots)

1. A coarse tapestry, manufactured from flock of cotton or hemp, mixed with ox's or goat's hair.

Dutch

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /?b?r.?a??m?t/
• Hyphenation: ber?ga?mot
• Rhymes: -?t

Noun

bergamot f (plural bergamotten, diminutive bergamotje n)

1. bergamot (pear-shaped citrus fruit)

   Synonym: herenpeer

Derived terms

• bergamotboom
• bergamotolie
• bergamotpeer
• bergamotplant

Romanian

Adjective

bergamot m or n (feminine singular bergamot?, masculine plural bergamo?i, feminine and neuter plural bergamote)

1. Alternative form of pergamut

Declension