different between holk vs volk

English

Alternative forms

• howk, houk

Etymology

From Middle English holk, from Old English holc (“hole, cavity”), from Proto-Germanic *hulkaz (“a hollow”), from Proto-Indo-European *?el- (“to cover, hide”).

Cognate with Low German holke, hölke (“small hole”), German Holk (“a type of flat-bottomed barge”), Swedish holk (“nest, birdhouse”), Icelandic hólkur (“tube”). Related to hulk.

Noun

holk (plural holks)

1. (Britain dialectal) A hollow cavity.

Verb

holk (third-person singular simple present holks, present participle holking, simple past and past participle holked)

1. (transitive, Britain dialectal) To dig out; make hollow; hollow out.
2. (transitive, Britain dialectal) To dig; dig into; pierce; penetrate; investigate; poke.
3. (transitive, Britain dialectal) To dig up; excavate.
   • 1908, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen University Studies, Volume 35, page 96,

     The Sessioune perceiving gryt perell through the burieing of people in the kirkyaird of thair perroche kirk and within the kirk itself by raising of grene graivis and holking under the kirk vall undermynding of the samyne ordanis fra this furth that na persone presume to mak graivis within the precinct thairof or yit to burie any persone within the boundis of the samine.

Anagrams

• kohl

Middle Low German

Alternative forms

• hulk

Etymology

Compare Middle High German holche, Ancient Greek ????? (holkás, “barge”), ?????? (hélkein, “to drag”).

Noun

holk m

1. hulk (large cargo ship)

References

• "holk" in Köbler, Gerhard, Mittelniederdeutsches Wörterbuch (3rd edition 2014)

Swedish

Etymology

From Old Swedish holker, from Proto-Germanic *hulkaz (“cavity, hollow, recess”), from Proto-Indo-European *?el- (“to cover, hide, conceal”), cognate with English hulk.

Noun

holk c

1. a nest box, a birdhouse; a hollow part of a tree trunk used as a container or as a birdhouse
2. a hulk, an old, decommissioned ship (used for storage or housing)

Declension

Related terms

• batteriholk
• fågelholk
• holka
• holkyxa
• holkärm
• starholk

References

• holk in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
• holk in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

English

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Afrikaans volk. Doublet of folk.

Noun

volk pl (plural only)

1. (South Africa) The Afrikaner people.
   • 2012, Nadine Gordimer, No Time Like the Present, Bloomsbury 2013, p. 22:

     The lover, Tertius […] is a journalist regarded by many of his family as a traitor to the volk.

Etymology 2

Variant form.

Noun

volk pl (plural only)

1. (now obsolete or dialectal) Alternative form of folk
   • 1608, William Shakespeare, King Lear:

     Edg. Good gentleman, go your gait, and let poor volk pass.

   • 1891, Thomas Hardy, Tess of the d'Urbervilles:

     No doubt a mampus of volk of our own rank will be down here in their carriages as soon as 'tis known.

Afrikaans

Etymology

From Dutch volk, from Middle Dutch volc, from Old Dutch folc, from Proto-Germanic *fulk?.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /f?lk/

Noun

volk (plural volke, diminutive volkie)

1. people

Derived terms

• volkslied

Descendants

• ? English: volk

Dutch

Etymology

From Middle Dutch volc, from Old Dutch folc, from Proto-Germanic *fulk?.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /v?lk/
• Hyphenation: volk
• Rhymes: -?lk

Noun

volk n (plural volken or volkeren, diminutive volkje n)

1. people, nation

   Synonym: natie

2. tribe

   Synonym: stam

3. folk, the common people, the lower classes, the working classes

4. (informal, uncountable) people (many individuals)

   Synonyms: mensen, lieden, lui

Derived terms

Descendants

• Afrikaans: volk
• ? Sranan Tongo: folku

Anagrams

• vlok

Middle English

Noun

volk

1. (Southern, Kent) Alternative form of folk

Slovene

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *v?lk?, from Proto-Indo-European *w??k?os.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /?????k/

Noun

v??k m anim

1. wolf

Inflection

Derived terms

• vôlkec
• volkúlja

Further reading

• “volk”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran