different between embourgeoisement vs bourgeois

English

Etymology

From French embourgeoisement.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /?mb????wazm??/ (or as French, below)

Noun

embourgeoisement (uncountable)

1. The process of adopting or the condition of adopting the characteristics of the bourgeoisie; bourgeoisification; the process of becoming affluent.
2. The proliferation in a society of values perceived as characteristic of the middle class, especially of materialism.
3. A shift to bourgeois values and practices.
   • 1972: American Sociological Association, Contemporary Sociology, pp44

     Yet, in a fashion similar to the “Affluent Worker”, MacKenzie constructs a theory of embourgeoisement that is far too narrow historically and consequently, sociologically unsatisfactory.

   • 1983: Russell Duncan Lansbury & Robert Spillane, Organisational Behaviour: The Australian Context, pp140:

     Goldthorpe’s arguments and the ‘embourgeoisement thesis’ have spawned many research studies. Russell Lansbury investigated differences blue- and white-collar workers in social outlook.

   • 1994, Marina Warner, "Magic zones", London Review of Books, XVI.23:

     It’s significant that Pasolini turned to the Orient to conjure his rather forced vision of primitive sanity, and that he expressed his resistance to Western embourgeoisement through a honeyed, lyrical and comic picture of nomad culture and its pursuit of joyous, uncomplicated, promiscuous contact.

   • 2003, Roy Porter, Flesh in the Age of Reason, Penguin 2004, p. 282:

     The upstart genre of the novel also marks a decisive embourgeoisement and feminization of culture.

   • 2007: Lesley Thomas, The Observer: Before you sneer at Fergie…, Sunday the 30^th of September

     We mould our children stealthily, force-feeding them allegorical Japanese films from Studio Gibley when they may prefer Shrek; packing them off to toddler yoga when they’d like to be at ballet reinforcing gender stereotypes. As for academic aspirations, check out any ‘up-and-coming’ area of London and witness the parents responsible for the local embourgeoisement elbowing their way into the best state schools.

Quotations

• For quotations using this term, see Citations:embourgeoisement.

Synonyms

• bourgeoisification
• gentrification

Antonyms

• proletarianization

Translations

See also

• upwardly mobile
• upward mobility
• gentrification

Further reading

• embourgeoisement thesis on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

French

Etymology

embourgeoiser +? -ment

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /??.bu?.?waz.m??/

Noun

embourgeoisement m (plural embourgeoisements)

1. bourgeoisification; embourgeoisement
2. gentrification

Further reading

• “embourgeoisement” in Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).

English

Alternative forms

• burgeois

Etymology 1

Borrowed from French bourgeois (“a class of citizens who were wealthier members of the Third Estate”), from Old French burgeis (“town dweller”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *burgz (“stronghold; city”) (whence borough). Doublet of burgess; compare also burgish.

Pronunciation

• (UK) IPA^(key): /?b???.w??/, /?b???.w??/
• (US) IPA^(key): /bu(?)?.?w??/, /?bu(?)?.w??/, /?b???.w??/

Adjective

bourgeois (comparative more bourgeois, superlative most bourgeois)

1. Of or relating to the middle class, (often derogatory) their presumed overly conventional, conservative, and materialistic values.

   bourgeois opinion

2. (historical) Of or relating to the bourgeoisie, the third estate of the French Ancien Regime.
3. (Marxism) Of or relating to the capitalist class, (usually derogatory) the capitalist exploitation of the proletariat.

Synonyms

• (conventional, conservative): square

Derived terms

• bougie
• bourgeoisification
• bourgeoisify
• bourgie
• de-bourgeoisify

Translations

Noun

bourgeois (usually uncountable, plural bourgeois)

1. (politics, collectively, usually in the plural) The middle class.
2. (rare) An individual member of the middle class.
3. (usually derogatory) A person of any class with bourgeois (i.e., overly conventional and materialistic) values and attitudes.
4. (historical) An individual member of the bourgeoisie, the third estate of the French Ancien Regime.
5. (Marxism) A capitalist, (usually derogatory) an exploiter of the proletariat.

Related terms

• bourgeoise
• bourgeoisie
• embourgeoisement

Translations

Verb

bourgeois (third-person singular simple present bourgeoises, present participle bourgeoising, simple past and past participle bourgeoised)

1. (transitive) To make bourgeois.

Further reading

• "bourgeois" in Raymond Williams, Keywords (revised), 1983, Fontana Press, page 45.

Etymology 2

From Middle English burjois, from French Bourgois, probably from Bourges (“the French city”) + -ois (“forming adjectives”) but possibly from bourgeois above or from Jean de Bouregois who worked as a printer in Rouen c. 1500.

Pronunciation

• (UK) IPA^(key): /b???d???s/
• (US) IPA^(key): /b???d???s/, enPR: b?r-?jois

Noun

bourgeois (uncountable)

1. (printing, dated) A size of type between brevier and long primer, standardized as 9-point.

Synonyms

• (Continental printing): galliard

Derived terms

• double bourgeois

Translations

Dutch

Etymology

Borrowed from French bourgeois.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /bur???a?/
• Hyphenation: bour?geois
• Rhymes: -a?

Noun

bourgeois m (plural bourgeois, diminutive bourgeoistje n)

1. bourgeois

Related terms

• bourgeoisie
• burgerij

Descendants

• ? Indonesian: borjuis

French

Etymology

From Old French borgeis (“town dweller”), from borc (“fortified place, town”), from Proto-Germanic *burgz (“fortress”), from Proto-Indo-European *b?r???s (“fortified elevation”). The path from Proto-Germanic to Old French is unclear. Perhaps via Frankish *burg or Late Latin burgus, or possibly both, and probably through the Late Latin [Term?] intermediate burgensis. Compare Italian borghese, Portuguese burguês, Spanish burgués.

Synchronically analysable as bourg +? -ois.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /bu?.?wa/

Adjective

bourgeois (feminine singular bourgeoise, masculine plural bourgeois, feminine plural bourgeoises)

1. bourgeois

Derived terms

• bourgeoisement
• embourgeoiser

Noun

bourgeois m (plural bourgeois, feminine bourgeoise)

1. member of the middle class
2. bourgeois

Synonyms

• bourge (slang)

Derived terms

• bourgeoisie
• parloir aux bourgeois

Descendants

Further reading

• “bourgeois” in Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).

German

Etymology

From French bourgeois, name for a wealthy class of French citizens in the late 18th century.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /b?r??u?a?/, [b?????a?], [?b??.?u?a?], [b???-] (standard; basic form)
• IPA^(key): /b?r??u?a?z-/ (standard; inflected forms)
• IPA^(key): /b?r??u?a?(s-)/ (often in southern Germany, Austria, Switzerland)

Adjective

bourgeois (comparative bourgeoiser, superlative am bourgeoisesten)

1. bourgeois
2. snobbish, elitist (in the context of the upper middle class)

Declension

Further reading

• “bourgeois” in Duden online