different between caste vs chamar

English

Etymology

Borrowed from Portuguese or Spanish casta (“lineage, breed, race”), of uncertain origin. The OED derives it from Portuguese casto (“chaste”), from Latin castus.Coromines (1987) argues instead for a hypothetical Gothic form *???????????????????? (*kasts), cognate with English cast, from Proto-Germanic *kastuz.

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation) enPR: käst, IPA^(key): /k??st/
• (General American) IPA^(key): /kæst/
• Homophones: cast, karst (in non-rhotic accents)
• Rhymes: -??st

Noun

caste (plural castes)

1. Any of the hereditary social classes and subclasses of South Asian societies.

   Hyponyms: Brahmin, Kshatriya, Shudra, Vaishya, varna

2. A separate and fixed order or class of persons in society who chiefly associate with each other.
3. (zoology) A class of polymorphous eusocial insects of a particular size and function within a colony.

Derived terms

• casteless

Translations

Anagrams

• Cates, Stace, cates, scate, sceat, taces

Dutch

Verb

caste

1. (archaic) singular present subjunctive of casten

French

Etymology

Borrowed from Portuguese casta, probably of Gothic and Germanic origin, or alternatively from a derivative of Latin castus.

Noun

caste f (plural castes)

1. caste (hereditary class)
2. class (social position)

References

• “caste” in Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).

Galician

Alternative forms

• casta

Etymology

Probably from Gothic *???????????????????? (*kasts), from Proto-Germanic *kastuz, *kast?n? (“to throw, cast”), compare English cast.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /?kaste?/

Noun

caste f (plural castes)

1. species, race or kind
   • 1853, Juan Manuel Pintos, A Gaita Gallega, Pontevedra: Impr. de D. José e D. Primitivo Vilas, page 29:

     Por aquí nacen os ricos polo outro probes labregos. Estas son as dúas castes que hai en todo o mundo inteiro.

     Here the rich people are born, there the poor peasants; these are the two races that there are in the whole world

2. quality
   • 1859, Ramón Barros Silvelo, Un dia de desfertuna, page 3:

     Dime logo que o probe do animal ou é de mala caste, ou ben non come

     He readily told me that the animal [that I was selling] either was of bad quality, or either it didn't eat

3. progeny; group of people that share a common ancestor
   • 1853, Juan Manuel Pintos, A Gaita Gallega, Pontevedra: Impr. de D. José e D. Primitivo Vilas, page 8:

     { soy llamado Pedro Luces ... } - To to to, vamos con tento que un home con ese nome pode ser caste do demo.

     {I am called Peter Lights...} —Wo wo wo! Let us be careful: a man with that name could de a Devil's child.

   Synonyms: estirpe, fruxe, liñaxe

Derived terms

• castizar (“to mate”)
• castizo (“stud pig”)
• de caste (“selected”)

References

• “caste” in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega, SLI - ILGA 2006-2013.
• “caste” in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega. Santiago: ILG.
• “caste” in Álvarez, Rosario (coord.): Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués, Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega.

Italian

Adjective

caste

1. feminine plural of casto

Noun

caste f

1. plural of casta

Anagrams

• cesta

Latin

Etymology 1

From castus +? -?.

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /?kas.te?/, [?käs?t?e?]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /?kas.te/, [?k?st??]

Adverb

cast? (comparative castius, superlative castissim?)

1. purely, spotlessly, virtuously
2. piously, religiously

Etymology 2

Inflected form of castus.

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /?kas.te/, [?käs?t??]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /?kas.te/, [?k?st??]

Adjective

caste

1. vocative masculine singular of castus

References

• caste in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• caste in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• caste in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré Latin-Français, Hachette

English

Alternative forms

• chumar

Etymology

Borrowed from Hindi ???? (cam?r, “tanner”).

Pronunciation

• (UK) IPA^(key): /t???m??/

Noun

chamar (plural chamars)

1. A member of a Hindu caste who works in leather; a tanner or leather-worker.
   • 1888, Rudyard Kipling, ‘The Sending of Dana Da’, In Black and White, Folio Society 2005, page 419:

     It is not strictly a native patent, though chamars of the skin and hide castes can, if irritated, despatch a Sending which sits on the breast of their enemy by night and nearly kills him.

Galician

Etymology

From Old Galician and Old Portuguese chamar, from Latin cl?m?re, present active infinitive of clam? (“cry out”). Compare Spanish llamar.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [t??a?ma?]

Verb

chamar (first-person singular present chamo, first-person singular preterite chamei, past participle chamado)

1. to call; to refer to (by name)

2. (transitive) to call, summon

3. (transitive with por) to call, summon
   • 2016, Malandrómeda, Chegar e encher [song]:

     Cando voltei, cheguei e enchín,

     choran os problemas e chaman por min;

     non sei moi ben se hoxe vou ser quen

     de pasar de lado como se non fora comigo

     When I came back, and pulled it off at the first attempt [veni, vidi, vici]

     the troubles cry and call me;

     I'm not sure if today I'll be capable

     of passing by as if that's not me

4. to invoke

   Synonym: invocar

5. (transitive) to goad; to steer, guide (the cattle, a yoke)

   Synonym: afalar

6. first/third-person singular future subjunctive of chamar
7. first/third-person singular personal infinitive of chamar

Conjugation

Derived terms

• rechamar

References

• “chamar” in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval, SLI - ILGA 2006-2012.
• “chamar” in Xavier Varela Barreiro & Xavier Gómez Guinovart: Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval. SLI / Grupo TALG / ILG, 2006-2016.
• “chamar” in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega, SLI - ILGA 2006-2013.
• “chamar” in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega. Santiago: ILG.
• “chamar” in Álvarez, Rosario (coord.): Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués, Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega.

Portuguese

Etymology

From Old Portuguese chamar (“call”), from Latin clam?re, present active infinitive of clam?, from Proto-Indo-European *kelh?- (“to shout”). Compare Spanish llamar. Doublet of clamar, a borrowing.

Pronunciation

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /??.?ma?/
• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /??.?ma(?)/, [???.?mä(?)]
  • (Paulista) IPA^(key): /??.?ma(?)/, /??.?ma(?)/
  • (South Brazil) IPA^(key): /?a.?ma(?)/, /?a.?ma(?)/
  • (Carioca) IPA^(key): /??.?ma(?)/
  • (Nordestino) IPA^(key): /??.?ma(h)/

Verb

chamar (first-person singular present indicative chamo, past participle chamado)

1. (transitive) to call; to summon (to ask someone to come)

   Synonyms: clamar, invocar, convocar

2. (ditransitive, with the indirect object taking de) to call (to use as the name of)

3. (ditransitive, copulative with de for the second object) to call (to verbally ascribe someone a quality)

4. (takes a reflexive pronoun, transitive) to be called (to have a specific name)

   Synonyms: nomear, denominar, designar

Conjugation

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:chamar.

Related terms

• chamada, chamado, chamador, chamamento
• chamariz, chamarisco