different between bulwark vs fastness
bulwark
English
Etymology
From Middle English bulwerk, from Middle Dutch bolwerk, bolwerc and Middle Low German bolwerk, equivalent to bole (“tree trunk”) +? work. Cognate with German Bollwerk, Danish bolværk, Dutch bolwerk. Doublet of boulevard (from French boulevard, from Dutch); cognate with Portuguese and Spanish baluarte and Italian baluardo.
Pronunciation
- (UK) IPA(key): /?b?l.w?k/
- (US) enPR: bo?ol'w?rk, bo?ol'wôrk, IPA(key): /?b?l.w?k/, /?b?l.w??k/
Noun
bulwark (plural bulwarks)
- A defensive wall or rampart.
- A defense or safeguard.
- The royal navy of England hath ever been its greatest defence, […] the floating bulwark of the island.
- A breakwater.
- (nautical) The planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale that reduces the likelihood of seas washing over the gunwales and people being washed overboard.
- (figuratively) Any means of defence or security.
Translations
Verb
bulwark (third-person singular simple present bulwarks, present participle bulwarking, simple past and past participle bulwarked)
- (transitive) To fortify something with a wall or rampart.
- (transitive) To provide protection of defense for something.
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fastness
English
Etymology
From Middle English fastnesse, festnesse (“firmness; certainty; stronghold; firmament”), from Old English fæstnes, fæstnis (“firmness; stronghold; firmament”), equivalent to fast +? -ness.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /?fæstn?s/, [?fæsn?s]
- (trap–bath split) IPA(key): /?f??stn?s/, [?f??sn?s]
Noun
fastness (countable and uncountable, plural fastnesses)
- A secure or fortified place; a stronghold, a fortress.
- 1611, John Speed, The History of Great Britaine under the Conquests of the Romans, Saxons, Danes and Normans, London, Book 9, Chapter 9, p. 528,[1]
- [...] if the Welsh compelled by famine ventred out of their strengthes or fastnesses, in or about Snowdon, the Garrison Souldiers of Gannocke were ready to intercept and kill them [...]
- 1803, John Browne Cutting, “A Succinct History of Jamaica” in Robert Charles Dallas, The History of the Maroons, London: Longman and Rees, Volume 1, p. xxxviii,[2]
- [...] the slaves that yet remained in the fastnesses of Jamaica, attached to the Spanish, and hostile to the English settlers, continued to be troublesome, and at times formidable.
- 1611, John Speed, The History of Great Britaine under the Conquests of the Romans, Saxons, Danes and Normans, London, Book 9, Chapter 9, p. 528,[1]
- The state of being fast.
- Firmness, security.
- Rapidity, swiftness.
- The ability of a dye to withstand fading.
Derived terms
- colorfastness
- colour fastness, colourfastness
Translations
References
- “fastness”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–present.
fastness From the web:
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