different between bourgeois vs industrialrevolution
bourgeois
English
Alternative forms
- burgeois
Etymology 1
Borrowed from French bourgeois (“a class of citizens who were wealthier members of the Third Estate”), from Old French burgeis (“town dweller”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *burgz (“stronghold; city”) (whence borough). Doublet of burgess; compare also burgish.
Pronunciation
- (UK) IPA(key): /?b???.w??/, /?b???.w??/
- (US) IPA(key): /bu(?)?.?w??/, /?bu(?)?.w??/, /?b???.w??/
Adjective
bourgeois (comparative more bourgeois, superlative most bourgeois)
- Of or relating to the middle class, (often derogatory) their presumed overly conventional, conservative, and materialistic values.
- bourgeois opinion
- (historical) Of or relating to the bourgeoisie, the third estate of the French Ancien Regime.
- (Marxism) Of or relating to the capitalist class, (usually derogatory) the capitalist exploitation of the proletariat.
Synonyms
- (conventional, conservative): square
Derived terms
- bougie
- bourgeoisification
- bourgeoisify
- bourgie
- de-bourgeoisify
Translations
Noun
bourgeois (usually uncountable, plural bourgeois)
- (politics, collectively, usually in the plural) The middle class.
- (rare) An individual member of the middle class.
- (usually derogatory) A person of any class with bourgeois (i.e., overly conventional and materialistic) values and attitudes.
- (historical) An individual member of the bourgeoisie, the third estate of the French Ancien Regime.
- (Marxism) A capitalist, (usually derogatory) an exploiter of the proletariat.
Related terms
- bourgeoise
- bourgeoisie
- embourgeoisement
Translations
Verb
bourgeois (third-person singular simple present bourgeoises, present participle bourgeoising, simple past and past participle bourgeoised)
- (transitive) To make bourgeois.
Further reading
- "bourgeois" in Raymond Williams, Keywords (revised), 1983, Fontana Press, page 45.
Etymology 2
From Middle English burjois, from French Bourgois, probably from Bourges (“the French city”) + -ois (“forming adjectives”) but possibly from bourgeois above or from Jean de Bouregois who worked as a printer in Rouen c. 1500.
Pronunciation
- (UK) IPA(key): /b???d???s/
- (US) IPA(key): /b???d???s/, enPR: b?r-?jois
Noun
bourgeois (uncountable)
- (printing, dated) A size of type between brevier and long primer, standardized as 9-point.
Synonyms
- (Continental printing): galliard
Derived terms
- double bourgeois
Translations
Dutch
Etymology
Borrowed from French bourgeois.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /bur???a?/
- Hyphenation: bour?geois
- Rhymes: -a?
Noun
bourgeois m (plural bourgeois, diminutive bourgeoistje n)
- bourgeois
Related terms
- bourgeoisie
- burgerij
Descendants
- ? Indonesian: borjuis
French
Etymology
From Old French borgeis (“town dweller”), from borc (“fortified place, town”), from Proto-Germanic *burgz (“fortress”), from Proto-Indo-European *b?r???s (“fortified elevation”). The path from Proto-Germanic to Old French is unclear. Perhaps via Frankish *burg or Late Latin burgus, or possibly both, and probably through the Late Latin [Term?] intermediate burgensis. Compare Italian borghese, Portuguese burguês, Spanish burgués.
Synchronically analysable as bourg +? -ois.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /bu?.?wa/
Adjective
bourgeois (feminine singular bourgeoise, masculine plural bourgeois, feminine plural bourgeoises)
- bourgeois
Derived terms
- bourgeoisement
- embourgeoiser
Noun
bourgeois m (plural bourgeois, feminine bourgeoise)
- member of the middle class
- bourgeois
Synonyms
- bourge (slang)
Derived terms
- bourgeoisie
- parloir aux bourgeois
Descendants
Further reading
- “bourgeois” in Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).
German
Etymology
From French bourgeois, name for a wealthy class of French citizens in the late 18th century.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /b?r??u?a?/, [b?????a?], [?b??.?u?a?], [b???-] (standard; basic form)
- IPA(key): /b?r??u?a?z-/ (standard; inflected forms)
- IPA(key): /b?r??u?a?(s-)/ (often in southern Germany, Austria, Switzerland)
Adjective
bourgeois (comparative bourgeoiser, superlative am bourgeoisesten)
- bourgeois
- snobbish, elitist (in the context of the upper middle class)
Declension
Further reading
- “bourgeois” in Duden online
bourgeois From the web:
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industrialrevolution
industrialrevolution From the web:
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- what industrial revolution are we in
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- what industrial revolution 4.0
- what industrial revolution are we in 2020
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- what industrial revolution is all about
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