different between bonfire vs holocaust

English

Alternative forms

• burnfire
• bone-fire (obsolete)

Etymology

From Middle English bonefire, bonefyre, banefyre (“a fire in which bones are burnt”); equivalent to bone +? fire, with the first element perhaps later assimilating to French bon. Cognate with Scots banefire (“bonfire”).

Pronunciation

• (UK) IPA^(key): /?b?n.?fa?.?(?)/
• (US) IPA^(key): /?b?n.?fa?.?/, /?b?n.?fa?.?/

Noun

bonfire (plural bonfires)

1. (obsolete) A fire in which bones are burned.
2. A fire to burn unwanted or disreputable items or people: proscribed books, heretics etc.
3. A large, controlled outdoor fire, as a signal or to celebrate something.

Derived terms

• Bonfire Night

Translations

References

See also

• balefire
• bale

Verb

bonfire (third-person singular simple present bonfires, present participle bonfiring, simple past and past participle bonfired)

1. To fire (pottery) using a bonfire.
   • 2000, Moira Vincentelli, Women and Ceramics: Gendered Vessels, Manchester University Press (?ISBN), page 42:

     Most women's traditions involve open firing such as bonfiring, pitfiring, or a fire surrounded by a low wall. More unusually, in Cyprus, Colombia and the Canaries individual potters have their own kilns.

   • 2004, Moira Vincentelli, Women Potters: Transforming Traditions, Rutgers University Press (?ISBN), page 212:

     Bonfiring has a very direct contact between the pottery and the flame. Firing time is usually quite short and the pots are carefully supervised through the process. Bonfiring, in general, does not create the same amount of wasters as kiln firing ...

   • 2018, Kerstin Pinther, Alexandra Weigand, Flow of Forms / Forms of Flow: Design Histories between Africa and Europe, transcript Verlag (?ISBN), page 102:

     […] while open bonfiring was practiced mainly by women and universally used in African traditions where it has a very low failure rate. It has been characterized as technically simple though in fact it requires a hyper refined combination of specific clay body, fuel, firing technique and atmospheric conditions - formulas derived from local experimentation mainly by generations of women.

2. To make, or celebrate around, a bonfire.
   • 2014, Joan Rust, Anniecat Chronicles, Xlibris Corporation (?ISBN), page 131:

     […] are all bar-b-quing, swimming, jetskiing, bonfiring, and the next thing you know everyone is gone, leaving the house empty […]

   • 2016, Alexandra Sirowy, The Telling (?ISBN), cover summary:

     She could only dream about bonfiring with the populars.

Anagrams

• be in for

English

Etymology

From Middle English holocaust, from Anglo-Norman holocauste, from Late Latin holocaustum, from the neuter form of Ancient Greek ?????????? (holókaustos), from ???? (hólos, “whole”) + ??????? (kaustós, “burnt”), from ???? (kaí?, “I burn”). Used to refer to mass killings since at least 1925.

Pronunciation

• (UK) IPA^(key): /?h?l?k??st/
• (US) IPA^(key): /?h?l?k?st/, /?ho?l?k?st/
• (US, Canada, cot–caught merger) IPA^(key): /?h?l?k?st/, /?ho?l?k?st/

Noun

holocaust (plural holocausts)

1. A sacrifice that is completely burned to ashes. [from the 13th c]

   Coordinate term: moirocaust

   • 1526, William Tyndale, trans. Bible, Mark XII:

     And to love a mans nehbour as hymsilfe, ys a greater thynge then all holocaustes and sacrifises.

   • 1646, Sir Thomas Browne, Pseudodoxia Epidemica, III.3:

     in the holocaust or burnt-offering of Moses, the gall was cast away: for, as Ben Maimon instructeth, the inwards, whereto the gall adhereth, were taken out with the crop (according unto the law,) which the priest did not burn, but cast unto the east [...].

2. Extensive destruction of a group (usually of people or animals), whether by deliberate agency or by natural agency (especially fire). [from the 19th c]
   • 1895 September 10, "ANOTHER ARMENIAN HOLOCAUST; Five Villages Burned, Five Thousand Persons Made Homeless, and Anti-Christians Organized.", in The New York Times
   • 1925, Melville Chater, History's Greatest Trek, in The National Geographic Magazine

     But the initial episodes of the Exchange drama were enacted to the accompaniment of the boom of cannon and the rattle of machine guns and with the settings painted by the flames of the Smyrna holocaust [...]

   • 1938, The Palestine Post (Sunday February 6 1938), volume XIV, No. 3567, page 4, column 4 (beneath "Help for Franco?"):

     […] the entire Press, more particularly the French press, is worried lest there be some connection between the bloodless holocaust of German Generals and Ambassadors and the persistent reports that Mussolini is about to intervene in Spain on the grand scale.

   • 1954, Talbot Jennings, Jan Lustig, Noel Langley, Knights of the Round Table (film)

     None will emerge the victor from this holocaust.

   a nuclear holocaust

3. In particular, a state-sponsored mass murder of an ethnic group, especially the Holocaust (which see). [from the 20th c]

Usage notes

• Use of the word holocaust to refer to the mass murder of Jews under the Nazis dates back to 1942, according to the OED. By the 1970s, the Holocaust was often synonymous with the Jewish exterminations. This use of the term as a synonym for the Jewish exterminations has been criticised because it appears to imply that there was a voluntary religious purpose behind the Nazi actions, which was not the case from either the Nazis' perspective or the victims'. Hence, some people prefer the term Shoah, which means destruction.
• The word continues to be used in its other senses. For example, part of the action of a BBC radio drama by James Follett in 1981 takes place in “Holocaust City”, which by inference was named because the inhabitants were the only survivors of a global nuclear war. However, this usage is considered by some to be Holocaust trivialization.
• For more information on the use of the term Holocaust, see the entry Holocaust.

Hyponyms

• homocaust
• nuclear holocaust

Related terms

• caustic
• holo-

Translations

Verb

holocaust (third-person singular simple present holocausts, present participle holocausting, simple past and past participle holocausted)

1. (rare) To sacrifice and burn (an animal) completely.
   • 1986, Sylvia Brinton Perera, The Scapegoat Complex: Toward a Mythology of Shadow and Guilt:

     The Holocausted Goat

     Besides the condemning accuser, there is also the "holocausted goat," originally symbolizing libido sacrificed to the offended Yahweh.

   • 1987, Quadrant:

     The first was the holocausted goat, not worthy to live, who manifests in the modern complex as the helpless victim of pre-egoic consciousness. The second is the exiled wandering goat who carries all the denied instincts — sexuality, ...

   • 1997, Kathie Carlson, Life's Daughter/death's Bride: Inner Transformations Through the Goddess Demeter/Persephone, Shambhala Publications:

     Is it any wonder that the ruler of such a place would be worshipped with aversion rather than invocation? Or that the offering to underworld deities was traditionally an offering that was holocausted, completely burnt and given over […] ?

2. (rare) To destroy completely, especially by fire.
   • 1850, George Townsend, Journal of a tour in Italy, in 1850, with an account of an interview with the pope, page 119:

     The meek and candid persecutor, Cardinal Pole, who killed and took possession when Cranmer was holocausted, built the chapel, and became the voucher for the truth of the absurd legend. We visited the reputed grotto of the nymph Egeria.

   • 1888, Southern California Practitioner, page 79:

     Sulla once said, before Caesar had made much of a showing, that some day this young man would be the ruin of the aristocracy, and twenty years afterward, when Caesar sacked, assassinated and holocausted a whole theological seminary […]

3. (rare, possibly nonstandard) To subject to a holocaust (mass annihilation); to destroy en masse. (Compare genocide (verb).)
   • For quotations using this term, see Citations:holocaust.

See also

• burnt offering
• ethnic cleansing
• pogrom

References

• Lewis M. Paternoster and Ruth Frager-Stone, Three Dimensions of Vocabulary Growth, second edition (Amsco School Publications, 1998)
• Oxford Dictionary: holocaust
• “holocaust”, in Merriam–Webster Online Dictionary, (Please provide a date or year).
• “holocaust” in Dictionary.com Unabridged, Dictionary.com, LLC, 1995–present.

Czech

Alternative forms

• holokaust m

Noun

holocaust m

1. holocaust (the state-sponsored mass murder of an ethnic group)

Dutch

Etymology

From Middle Dutch holocaust, from Latin holocaustum, from the neuter of Ancient Greek ?????????? (holókaustos). The shift to masculine was influenced by Middle French holocauste. The meaning “genocide” derives from English holocaust.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /???.lo??k?u?st/
• Hyphenation: ho?lo?caust

Noun

holocaust m (plural holocausten)

1. holocaust, genocide
2. (dated) holocaust (complete burnt offering)

Related terms

• Holocaust

Old Spanish

Alternative forms

• olocaust (alternative spelling)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [o.lo?kau?st]

Noun

holocaust m (plural holocaustos)

1. Apocopic form of holocausto, burnt offering
   • c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 34r.

   • Idem, f. 76r.