different between art vs gradus

English

Pronunciation

• (UK) IPA^(key): /??t/
• (US) IPA^(key): /??t/, [???]
• Rhymes: -??(?)t
• Hyphenation: art

Etymology 1

From Middle English art, from Old French art, from Latin artem, accusative of ars (“art”). Displaced native Old English cræft (Modern English craft) and Old English list (Modern English list).

Noun

art (countable and uncountable, plural arts)

1. (uncountable) The conscious production or arrangement of sounds, colours, forms, movements, or other elements in a manner that affects the senses and emotions, usually specifically the production of the beautiful in a graphic or plastic medium.
   • 1992 May 3, "Comrade Bingo" Jeeves and Wooster, Series 3, Episode 6:

     B.W. Wooster: If you ask me, art is responsible for most of the trouble in the world.
     R. Jeeves: An interesting theory, sir. Would you care to expatiate upon it?
     B.W. Wooster: As a matter of fact, no, Jeeves. The thought just occurred to me, as thoughts do.
     R. Jeeves: Very good, sir.

   • 2005 July, Lynn Freed, Harper's:

     "I tell her what Donald Hall says: that the problem with workshops is that they trivialize art by minimizing the terror."

   • 2009, Alexander Brouwer:

     Visual art is a subjective understanding or perception of the viewer as well as a deliberate/conscious arrangement or creation of elements like colours, forms, movements, sounds, objects or other elements that produce a graphic or plastic whole that expresses thoughts, ideas or visions of the artist.

2. (uncountable) The creative and emotional expression of mental imagery, such as visual, auditory, social, etc.
3. (countable) Skillful creative activity, usually with an aesthetic focus.

4. (uncountable) The study and the product of these processes.

5. (uncountable) Aesthetic value.

6. (uncountable) Artwork.

7. (countable) A field or category of art, such as painting, sculpture, music, ballet, or literature.

8. (countable) A nonscientific branch of learning; one of the liberal arts.
9. (countable) Skill that is attained by study, practice, or observation.
   • 1796, Matthew Lewis, The Monk, Folio Society 1985, page 217:

     A physician was immediately sent for; but on the first moment of beholding the corpse, he declared that Elvira's recovery was beyond the power of art.
10. (uncountable, dated) Contrivance, scheming, manipulation.

Synonyms

• (Human effort): craft

Antonyms

• (Human effort): mundacity, nature, subsistence

Hyponyms

Derived terms

Descendants

• Jamaican Creole: aat
• Tok Pisin: at
• ? Japanese: ??? (?to)

Translations

Etymology 2

From Middle English art, from Old English eart (“(thou) art”), second-person singular present indicative of wesan, from Proto-Germanic *ar-t (“(thou) art", originally, "(thou) becamest”), second-person singular preterite indicative form of *iran? (“to rise, be quick, become active”), from Proto-Indo-European *er-, *or(w)- (“to lift, rise, set in motion”). Cognate with Faroese ert (“art”), Icelandic ert (“art”), Old English earon (“are”), from the same preterite-present Germanic verb. More at are.

Verb

art

1. (archaic) second-person singular simple present form of be

See also

References

• art at OneLook Dictionary Search
• "art" in Raymond Williams, Keywords (revised), 1983, Fontana Press, page 40.
• art in Keywords for Today: A 21st Century Vocabulary, edited by The Keywords Project, Colin MacCabe, Holly Yanacek, 2018.
• art in The Century Dictionary, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911.

Further reading

• art on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• Art on Wikimedia Commons.Wikimedia Commons
• Art on Wikiquote.Wikiquote
• Art on Wikisource.Wikisource
• Art on Wikibooks.Wikibooks
• Art on Wikinews.Wikinews

Anagrams

• 'rat, ATR, RAT, RTA, Rat, TAR, Tar, rat, tar, tra

Albanian

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin ars, artem.

Noun

art m (definite singular arti)

1. art

Declension

Synonyms

• zeje

Catalan

Etymology

From Latin ars.

Pronunciation

• (Balearic, Valencian) IPA^(key): /?a?t/
• (Central) IPA^(key): /?art/

Noun

art m or f (plural arts)

1. art (something pleasing to the mind)

Derived terms

• art marcial
• belles arts
• obra d'art

Related terms

• artista
• artístic

Noun

art m (plural arts)

1. fishing net

Derived terms

• artet

Related terms

• bou
• xarxa

Further reading

• “art” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
• “art” in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana.
• “art” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
• “art” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

Cornish

Etymology

From Latin ars (“art”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [??t]

Noun

art m (plural artys)

1. art

Crimean Tatar

Noun

art

1. back

   Synonyms: arqa, s?rt

Danish

Etymology

From Middle Low German art, from Proto-Germanic *ardiz, cognate with German Art.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [???d?]
• Homophone: ard

Noun

art c (singular definite arten, plural indefinite arter)

1. kind
2. nature
3. species

Inflection

French

Etymology

From Latin artem, accusative singular of ars.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /a?/

Noun

art m (plural arts)

1. art (something pleasing to the mind)

Derived terms

Related terms

• artifice
• artificiel
• artisan
• artiste

Descendants

• Haitian Creole: la (< l'art)

Further reading

• “art” in Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).

Anagrams

• rat

Irish

Etymology

From Old Irish art, explained in glossaries as “stone”.

Noun

art m (genitive singular airt, nominative plural airt)

1. stone

Declension

Derived terms

• chomh marbh le hart (“stone dead”)

Mutation

Further reading

• "art" in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, An Gúm, 1977, by Niall Ó Dónaill.
• Gregory Toner, Maire Ní Mhaonaigh, Sharon Arbuthnot, Dagmar Wodtko, Maire-Luise Theuerkauf, editors (2019) , “art”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Latvian

Etymology

From Proto-Baltic [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *ar-, *ar?-, *h?erh?- (“to plow”), from *h?er- (“sparse; to crumble, to fall to pieces”), whence also the verb irt (q.v.). Cognates include Lithuanian árti, Old Prussian artoys (“plowman”) (compare Lithuanian artójas), Old Church Slavonic ????? (orati), Russian dialectal or dated ?????? (orát?), Belarusian ?????? (arác?), Ukrainian ?????? (oráty), Bulgarian ???? (orá), Czech orati, Polish ora?, Gothic ???????????????????? (arjan), Old Norse erja, Hittite [Term?] (/?arra-/, “to crush; (passive form) to disappear”), [Term?] (/?arš-/, “to tear open; to plow”), Ancient Greek ???? (aró?), Latin ar?.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [â?t]

Verb

art (tr., 1st conj., pres. aru, ar, ar, past aru)

1. to plow (to prepare (land) for sowing by using a plow)

Conjugation

Derived terms

Related terms

References

Maltese

Etymology

From Arabic ?????? (?ar?).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /art/
• IPA^(key): /a?rt/ (variant, as if spelt *g?art)

Noun

art f (plural artijiet)

1. earth (our planet)

   Synonym: dinja

2. ground; soil

Middle English

Etymology 1

From Old English eart, second person singular of wesan (“to be”), from Proto-Germanic *art,second person singular of *iran?.

Alternative forms

• eart, ert

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /art/

Verb

art

2. second-person singular present indicative of been

Usage notes

This form is more common than bist for the second-person singular.

Descendants

• English: art (archaic, dialectal)

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Old French art, from Latin artem, accusative form of ars, from Proto-Indo-European *h?r?tís.

Alternative forms

• aart, arte

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /art/

Noun

art (plural artes or ars)

2. A member of the seven medieval liberal arts (the trivium and quadrivium).
3. The seven medieval liberal arts as a group; the trivium and quadrivium combined.
4. The foundational knowledge and activities of a field or subject (either academic or trade).
5. Applied or practical knowledge; the execution or realisation of knowledge.
6. Guile, craft or an instance of it; the use of deception or sleight-of hand.
7. Competency, skill; one's aptitude or ability in a given area or at a given task.
8. A set of rules or guidelines for conducting oneself; a code of conduct.
9. (rare) Knowledge, information; the set of things which one has learned about (through formal study).
10. (rare) Rhetoric; skill in oration, argument, speech, or speaking.
11. (rare) Human behaviour or action (as opposed to natural happenings).

Descendants

• English: art
• Scots: airt

References

• “art, n.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Etymology 3

From Old English eard, from Proto-Germanic *ardiz (“nature; type”). Doublet of erd (“nature, disposition”).

Noun

art

1. (Northern) district, locality.

Descendants

• Scots: airt
• Yola: ete

References

• “art, n.(2).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Middle French

Noun

art m (plural ars)

1. art

Descendants

• French: art
  • Haitian Creole: la (< l'art)

Norwegian Bokmål

Noun

art f or m (definite singular arta or arten, indefinite plural arter, definite plural artene)

1. character, nature, kind
2. (biology) a species

Derived terms

References

• “art” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Anagrams

• rat, tar

Norwegian Nynorsk

Noun

art m or f (definite singular arten or arta, indefinite plural artar or arter, definite plural artane or artene)

1. (biology) a species
2. character, nature, kind

Derived terms

Related terms

• ard

References

• “art” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Anagrams

• rat, tar

Occitan

Etymology

From Latin ars.

Noun

art m (plural arts)

1. art

Related terms

• artista

Old French

Etymology

From Latin artem, accusative of ars.

Noun

art m or f (oblique plural arz or artz, nominative singular arz or artz, nominative plural art)

1. art (skill; practice; method)
   • (Can we date this quote?) Walter of Bibbesworth: Le Tretiz, ed. W. Rothwell, ANTS Plain Texts Series 6, 1990. Date of cited text: circa 1250

     ore serroit a saver de l’art a bresser & brasyr

     Now would be the time to know the art of brewing

Descendants

• Middle French: art
  • French: art
    • Haitian Creole: la (< l'art)
• Norman: art
• Walloon: årt
• ? Middle English: art
  • English: art
    • Jamaican Creole: aat
    • Tok Pisin: at
    • ? Japanese: ??? (?to)
  • Scots: airt

References

• Godefroy, Frédéric, Dictionnaire de l'ancienne langue française et de tous ses dialectes du IX^e au XV^e siècle (1881) (art, supplement)
• art on the Anglo-Norman On-Line Hub
• “art” in Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).

Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *artos (“bear”) (compare Cornish arth, Welsh arth), from Proto-Indo-European *h???t?os (“bear”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ar?t/

Noun

art m

1. bear

   Synonym: mathgamain

Inflection

Mutation

Old Norse

Alternative forms

• argt
• ragt (with metathesis)

Adjective

art

1. strong neuter nominative/accusative singular of argr

Swedish

Etymology

From Old Swedish art.

Pronunciation

Noun

art c

1. species

Declension

References

• art in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

Anagrams

• tar

Turkish

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *h?rt (“back”). Cognate with Turkish arka.

Noun

art (definite accusative art?, plural artlar)

1. back

Declension

English

Etymology

From Gradus ad Parnassum (Latin, literally, a step to Parnassus), a 17th-century prosody dictionary long used in British schools.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /???e?d?s/

Noun

gradus (plural graduses)

1. A handbook used as an aid in a difficult art or practice, specifically, a dictionary of Greek or Latin prosody used as a guide in writing of poetry in Greek or Latin.

Anagrams

• Dagurs, Dugars, Guards, draugs, durags, guards

French

Etymology

From Gradus ad Parnassum (Latin, literally, a step to Parnassus), a 17th-century prosody dictionary long used in British schools.

Noun

gradus m (plural gradus)

1. gradus
2. Any books of instruction, or guides, in which gradual progress in literature, language instruction, music, or the arts in general, is sought.

Latin

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *graðus, from Proto-Indo-European *g?red?- (“to walk, go”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *gr?sti (Old Church Slavonic ?????? (gr?sti)), Lithuanian gridyti, Proto-Germanic *gridiz (Gothic ???????????????????? (grids)), Old High German crit). The expected form would be *radus.

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /??ra.dus/, [??räd??s?]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /??ra.dus/, [??r??d?us]

Noun

gradus m (genitive grad?s); fourth declension

1. a step, pace
2. a stage, degree
3. a rank
4. (by extension) a position, station, ground
5. firm position, stand
6. a step, stair, rung of a ladder
7. a braid of hair
8. (mathematics) degree
   • 1553, Luminarum atque Planetarum motuum Tabulae octogina quinque, omnium ex his quae Alphonsum sequuntur quam faciles [1]

     Motus, seu locus, per signa, gradus, minuta, et secunda constitutus, intelligitur (secundum regulam Alphonsi) signa physica, id est quodlibet signum ex 60 gradibus compositum, et quilibet gradus ex 60 minutis, et quodlibet minutum ex 60 secundis, et sic succesivem: et per consequens, sex signa totum circulum perficiunt.

     A motion, or location, for a sign, being composed of degrees, minutes, and seconds, is understood (according to the rule of Alphonse) to be a physical sign, that is, every sign is composed of 60 degrees, and every degree of 60 minutes, and every minute of 60 seconds, and so on and so forth: and in consequence, six signs make up an entire circle.

Declension

• Archaic genitive singular graduis is occasionally found.

Fourth-declension noun.

Derived terms

Related terms

• gradior

Descendants

References

• gradus in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• gradus in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• gradus in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition, 1883–1887)
• gradus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré Latin-Français, Hachette
• Carl Meissner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book?^[2], London: Macmillan and Co.
• gradus in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898) Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
• gradus in William Smith et al., editor (1890) A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin