different between overly vs over

overly

English

Etymology

over +? -ly

Adverb

overly (not comparable)

  1. To an excessive degree.
    Parents can be overly protective of their children.
    • 1821, John Galt, Annals of the Parish, Philadelphia: M. Carey & Sons, Chapter 37, p. 214,[1]
      [] considering the circumstances of my situation, I saw it would not do for me to look out for an overly young woman, nor yet would it do for one of my ways to take an elderly maiden, ladies of that sort being liable to possess strong-set particularities.
    • 1908, Lucy Maud Montgomery, Anne of Green Gables, Chapter 30,[2]
      It’s nothing short of wonderful how she’s improved these three years, but especially in looks. She’s a real pretty girl got to be, though I can’t say I’m overly partial to that pale, big-eyed style myself.
    • 1958, Robert Heinlein, Have Space Suit—Will Travel, New York: Del Rey, Chapter 11, p. 238,[3]
      Your race is overly sentimental; it distorts your judgment.
  2. (obsolete) Superficially.
    • 1566, Thomas Blundeville, The Fower Chiefyst Offices Belongyng to Horsemanshippe, London, “The true Arte of Paring, and shooyng all maner of Houes together [] ,” Chapter 5,[4]
      [] let him not touche the quarters nor the heeles at al, vnlesse it be to make the seat of the shoe playne, & let that be done so superficially or ouerly as maye be, so shall the houes remayne alwayes strong.
    • 1604, William Perkins, A Commentarie or Exposition, vpon the Fiue First Chapters of the Epistle to the Galatians, Cambridge, Chapter 6, p. 482,[5]
      These kinds of reproofes, not vnfitly may be compared to hotte or hastie healing salues, which drawe a faire skinne ouer a fowle wound; which because it is not soundly cured from the bottome, but ouerly healed vp, doth afterward apostemate or fistulate, and becommeth more dangerous and desperate then euer before.
    • 1678, George Mackenzie, The Laws and Customes of Scotland, in Matters Criminal, Edinburgh, Part 1, “Some Crimes punished amongst the Romans, which are not directly in use with us,” p. 347,[6]
      [] I resolved here to touch overly even those crimes which are little considered among us, not only that we might thereby know the genius of that wise Nation; but that we may consider how far it were fit to renew amongst us these excellent Laws.
  3. (obsolete) Carelessly, without due attention.
    • 1629, John Preston, The New Covenant, or the Saints Portion, London: Nicolas Bourne, Sermon 9, p. 51,[7]
      [] you shall finde this, that all remissenesse, when a man doth a thing remissely, and ouerly, and perfunctorily, it argues alway a diuided intention, it is an argument that the whole minde is not set on it, but that the intention is distracted, and bestowed on other things:
    • 1728, Daniel Defoe, A Plan of the English Commerce, London: Charles Rivington, p. 60,[8]
      If you expect the Poor should work cheaper, and not perform their Work slighter and more overly, as we call it, and superficially, you expect what is not in the Nature of the Thing.
  4. (obsolete) With a sense of superiority, haughtily.
    • 1650, John Brinsley the younger, An Antidote against the Poysonous Weeds of Heretical Blasphemies, London: Ralph Smith, p. 3,[9]
      The third [vice] is Arrogancie, and the fourth Pride, two vices neer a kinne, Cosen germans [] when men shall arrogate much unto themselves; looking overly and superciliously upon others.

Translations

Adjective

overly (comparative more overly, superlative most overly)

  1. (obsolete) Superficial; not thorough; careless, negligent, inattentive.
    • 1602, Joseph Hall, Virgidemiarium Sixe Bookes, London: Robert Dexter, Satire 3, p. 52,[10]
      The curteous Citizen bad me to his feast,
      With hollow words, and ouerly request:
      Come, will ye dine with me this Holy day?
      I yeelded, tho he hop’d I would say Nay:
    • 1627, Robert Sanderson, Ten Sermons, London: R. Dawlman, Sermon 3, p. 120,[11]
      Hee prayeth but with an ouerly desire, and not from the deepe of his heart, that will not bend his endeauours withall to obtaine what he desireth:
    • 1762, Henry Home, Lord Kames, Elements of Criticism, Edinburgh: A. Kincaid & J. Bell, Volume 1, Chapter 2, Part 7, p. 222,[12]
      Concerning the passions in particular, however irregular, headstrong, and perverse, in an overly view, they may appear, I propose to show, that they are by nature adjusted and tempered with admirable wisdom, for the good of society as well as for private good.
  2. (obsolete) Having a sense of superiority, haughty.
    • 1637, Joseph Hall, The Remedy of Prophanenesse, London: Nathanael Butter, Book 1, Section 8, p. 66,[13]
      Those that know no better, may rejoyce and exult in these worldly contentments; but those, who have had but a blink of the beauty of heaven, can look upon them no otherwise, than with an overly contemptuousnesse.
  3. (obsolete) Excessive; too great.
    • 1839, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, “Notes on Baxter’s Life of Himself” in Henry Nelson Coleridge (ed.), The Literary Remains of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, London: W. Pickering, Volume 4, p. 140,[14]
      [] there appears a very chilling want of open-heartedness on the part of Owen, produced perhaps by the somewhat overly and certainly most ungracious resentments of Baxter.

Usage notes

The word is sometimes deemed erroneous. The American source M-W's Webster's Dictionary of English Usage, 1989, eventually settles on accepting it, but has this to say: "Bache 1869 and Ayres 1881 succinctly insulted contemporaries who used this word, calling them vulgar and unschooled. Times have changed: modern critics merely insult the word itself. Follett 1966, for example, claims that overly is useless, superfluous, and unharmonious, and should be replaced by the prefix over-. Bryson 1984 adds that 'when this becomes overinelegant ... the alternative is to find another adverb [...]'." The prefix over- is safer, and accepted by all: "He seemed over-anxious." M-W, AHD4, and RH include the word without comment, and OED notes only "After the Old English period, rare (outside Scotland and North America) until the 20th cent." In most cases "too" or "excessively" would be better choices than "over-".

Anagrams

  • lovyer, volery, volyer

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over

English

Alternative forms

  • o'er (adverb, preposition)

Pronunciation

  • (UK) IPA(key): /???.v?(?)/
  • (US) enPR: ?'v?r, IPA(key): /?o?.v?/
  • Rhymes: -??v?(?)
  • Hyphenation: o?ver

Etymology 1

From Middle English over, from Old English ofer, from Proto-Germanic *uber (over), from Proto-Indo-European *upér, a comparative form of *upo; akin to Dutch over, German ober, über, Danish over, Norwegian over, Swedish över, Icelandic yfir, Faroese yvir, Gothic ???????????????? (ufar), Latin super, Ancient Greek ???? (hupér), Albanian upri (group of peasants), Sanskrit ???? (upári).

Adjective

over (not comparable)

  1. Discontinued; ended or concluded.
    The show is over.
Usage notes

Not normally used attributively (before a noun). (Attributive use occurs rarely in informal language, e.g. "an over relationship".)

Derived terms
  • game over
  • overness
Translations

Adverb

over (not comparable)

  1. Thoroughly; completely; from beginning to end.
    • 1661, John Fell, The Life of the most learned, reverend and pious Dr. H. Hammond
      During the whole time of his abode in the university he generally spent thirteen hours of the day in study; by which assiduity besides an exact dispatch of the whole course of philosophy, he read over in a manner all classic authors that are extant []
  2. (often in compounds) To an excessive degree; overly.
    I'm not over-enthusiastic about this.
  3. From an upright position to a horizontal one.
  4. Horizontally; left to right or right to left.
  5. From one side of something to another, passing above it.
  6. From one position or state to another.
  7. Overnight (throughout the night).
  8. (US, usually with do) Again; another time; once more; over again.

Derived terms

  • leftover
Translations

Noun

over (plural overs)

  1. (cricket) A set of six legal balls bowled.
  2. Any surplus amount of money, goods delivered, etc.
    • 2008, G. Puttick, Sandy van Esch, The Principles and Practice of Auditing (page 609)
      [] standard cash count forms used to record the count and any overs or unders.
Translations

Preposition

over

  1. Expressing spatial relationship.
    1. On top of; above; higher than; further up.
      • Over them gleamed far off the crimson banners of morning.
    2. Across or spanning.
      • 1918, Dora Sigerson Shorter, Sick I Am and Sorrowful
        If I saw the wild geese fly over the dark lakes of Kerry...
    3. In such a way as to cover.
    4. From one physical position to another via an obstacle that must be traversed vertically, first upwards and then downwards.
  2. Expressing comparison.
    1. More than; to a greater degree.
    2. Beyond; past; exceeding; too much or too far.
    3. (in certain collocations) As compared to.
  3. Indicating relative status, authority, or power
    The owner's son lorded it over the experienced managers.
    The prince ruled over a portion of the kingdom.
  4. (mathematics) Divided by.
  5. (poker) Separates the three of a kind from the pair in a full house.
    9?9?9?6?6? = nines over sixes
  6. Finished with; done with; from one state to another via a hindrance that must be solved or defeated; or via a third state that represents a significant difference from the first two.
  7. While using, especially while consuming.
    • 1990, Seymour Chatman, Coming to Terms, Cornell, ?ISBN, page 100[2]:
      Six diners in business clothes—five attractive young women and a balding middle-aged man—relax over cigarettes.
    • 1998, Marian Swerdlow, Underground Woman, Temple, ?ISBN, page 88 [3]:
      Sunday had been my favorite day at Woodlawn. A long W.A.A. [="work as assigned" period], having coffee and croissants with Mark over the Sunday Times.
    • 2009, Sara Pennypacker, The Great Egyptian Grave Robbery, Scholastic, ?ISBN, page 79:
      Over meatloaf and mashed potatoes (being careful not to talk with his mouth full), Stanley told about his adventure.
  8. Concerning or regarding.
  9. Above, implying superiority after a contest; in spite of; notwithstanding.
Usage notes

When used in the context of "from one location to another", over implies that the two places are at approximately the same height or the height difference is not relevant. For example, if two offices are on the same floor of a building, an office worker might say I'll bring that over for you, while if the offices were on different floors, the sentence would likely be I'll bring that up [down] for you. However, distances are not constrained, e.g. He came over from England last year and now lives in Los Angeles or I moved the stapler over to the other side of my desk.

Derived terms
  • ride roughshod over
Translations

Interjection

over

  1. (procedure word, military) A radio procedure word meaning that the station is finished with its transmission and is expecting a response.
    Bravo Six, this is Bravo Six Four. Stand by for ten mike report one dash three, over.
    Bravo Six Four, this is Bravo Six Actual. Send your traffic, over.
    How do you receive? Over!
Coordinate terms
  • out
Derived terms
  • over and out
Translations

Verb

over (third-person singular simple present overs, present participle overing, simple past and past participle overed)

  1. (Britain, transitive, dialect, obsolete) To go over, or jump over.
    He overed the fence in good style.
  2. (Britain, intransitive, dialect, obsolete) To run about.
    The cattle have been overing all day because of the flies.

Related terms

References

  • Andrea Tyler and Vyvyan Evans, "The semantic network for over", in The Semantics of English Prepositions: Spatial Scenes, Embodied Meaning and Cognition, Cambridge University Press, 2003, 0-521-81430 8

Etymology 2

From Middle English over (riverbank, seashore, brink), from Old English ?fer (riverbank, seashore, brink, edge, margin, border), from Proto-Germanic *?feraz. Cognate with Dutch oever (riverbank, shore), German Ufer (shore, shoreline, riverbank), Low German Över (shore, riverbank).

Noun

over (plural overs)

  1. (rare, dialectal or obsolete) A shore, riverbank.
    • 1338, Robert Mannyng, Mannyng's Chronicle
      Cassibola was ready at Dover, & renged (encamped) his men by the over.
Usage notes

Now mostly found in place names, as in Westover or Overton, Hampshire (a town built on the River Test). Fell out of use in the 16th century.

References
  • A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary
  • The Middle English Dictionary

Anagrams

  • -vore, Vore, rove, vore

Danish

Etymology 1

From Old Norse yfir.

Preposition

over

  1. above
  2. past an hour

Etymology 2

From Old Norse ofar.

Adverb

over

  1. across
  2. asunder; in two

Etymology 3

Shortening of overkrydder.

Noun

over c (singular definite overen, plural indefinite overe)

  1. (informal) The upper curved portion of a roll or a similar food.
    Jeg foretrækker overen.
    I prefer the top slice.
Inflection
Antonyms
  • under
Derived terms
  • overkrydder

Etymology 4

Borrowed from English over.

Noun

over c (singular definite overen, plural indefinite overe or overs)

  1. (cricket) A set of six legal balls bowled, an over.
Inflection

References

  • “over” in Den Danske Ordbog
  • “over,2” in Den Danske Ordbog
  • “over,3” in Den Danske Ordbog
  • “over,4” in Den Danske Ordbog

Dutch

Etymology

From Middle Dutch ?ver, from Old Dutch *ovar, from Proto-Germanic *uber, from Proto-Indo-European *upér, from *upo. Compare German ober, English over.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /?o?.v?r/
  • Hyphenation: over
  • Rhymes: -o?v?r

Adverb

over

  1. over, above
  2. (postpositional) over (implying motion)
    Kijk uit, er steekt een hond de straat over.
    Look out, a dog is crossing over the street.
  3. remaining, left over
    Na het feest was er bijna geen eten meer over.
    After the party there was barely any food remaining.
  4. passing by, going away
    De pijn gaat weer over.
    The pain is going away again.
  5. Denotes an imitative action, again, once again,
    Ik schrijf je brief over.
    I will transcribe your letter.

Antonyms

  • (over): onder

Derived terms

Related terms
  • over-

Descendants

  • ? Indonesian: oper

Preposition

over

  1. over
  2. about, concerning

Inflection

Derived terms

  • overheen

Descendants

  • Afrikaans: oor

Anagrams

  • rove, Voer, voer

Latin

Verb

over

  1. first-person singular present passive subjunctive of ov?

Middle Dutch

Etymology

From Old Dutch over, from Proto-Germanic *uber.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /???v?r/

Preposition

?ver

  1. over, above
    Antonym: onder
  2. across
  3. towards
  4. during
  5. ago, some duration in the past
  6. after, following (a duration)
  7. about, concerning
  8. due to, because of

Descendants

  • Dutch: over
    • ? Indonesian: oper
  • Limburgish: euver

Adverb

?ver

  1. over
  2. across, on the other side
  3. plenty, more than enough
  4. used up, finished
  5. once again

Descendants

  • Dutch: over
  • Limburgish: euver

Further reading

  • “over (II)”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
  • “over (III)”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
  • Verwijs, E.; Verdam, J. (1885–1929) , “over (I)”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, ?ISBN, page I

Middle English

Alternative forms

  • ouver, ower, ove
  • ofer, offr (early)

Etymology

From Old English ofer, from Proto-West Germanic *obar.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /???v?r/, /??v?r/

Preposition

over

  1. above

Descendants

  • English: over
  • Yola: ower, oer

References

  • “??ver, prep.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Middle Low German

Etymology

From Old Saxon ovar, from Proto-West Germanic *obar, from Proto-Germanic *uber, and Old Saxon *uvir from Proto-Germanic *ubiri.

Pronunciation

  • Stem vowel: ?² oror
    • (originally) IPA(key): /??v?r/, /??v?r/, /?œv?r/

Preposition

?ver or ?ver

  1. (accusative) across, moving through or over something
    over dat rode mêr - across the Red Sea
  2. (accusative) across, moving to the other side of something
  3. (accusative) in, across, describing the spread of something
    over alle lant - all across the lands / in every land
  4. (dative) across, situated on the other side of
    over deme watere - across the water
  5. (dative) while, over the duration of
    over deme werke begripen - while working on something
  6. (dative) over, at, on, on top of, describing where something is situated; does not mean above
    over deme dische - at the table

Usage notes

It is not clear whether the umlaut was connected with semantic differences.

Alternative forms

  • aver

Antonyms

  • (over): under

Adverb

?ver or ?ver

  1. across, on the other side
  2. while
  3. on top of, additionally
  4. over (finished, ceased)

Usage notes

It is not clear whether the umlaut was connected with semantic differences.

Alternative forms

  • aver

Antonyms

  • (over): under

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

From Old Norse yfir

Pronunciation

Preposition

over

  1. above
  2. past
  3. over; more than

Adverb

over

  1. over
  2. across

Derived terms

References

  • “over” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From Old Norse yfir

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /?o???r/, /?o???r/

Preposition

over

  1. above
  2. past
  3. over; more than

Adverb

over

  1. over
  2. across

Derived terms

References

  • “over” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Zazaki

Pronoun

over

  1. opposite

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