different between mund vs und

English

Etymology

From Old English mund, from Proto-Germanic *mund? (“hand, protection, security”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /m?nd/, /m?nd/

Noun

mund (countable and uncountable, plural munds)

1. (obsolete) A hand.
2. (obsolete) Security, granted by a king or earl, the violation of which was punished by a fine (a mundbyrd).
3. (obsolete) Protection; guardianship.

Derived terms

• mundbreach

Anagrams

• UNDM

Albanian

Etymology 1

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *mn?(s)-d?h?-. Compare Old Norse munda (“aim, strive”), Gothic ???????????????????????? (mund?n, “look up”), Old High German muntar (“keen, eager”), Ancient Greek ??????? (manthán?, “learn”), Lithuanian mañdras (“alert, awake, smart, minxish”).

Standard/Tosk variant of Gheg Albanian mûn(d); [d]-sound lost among majority Gheg dialects due to nasal vowels (which do not exist in Tosk).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /m?nd/

Noun

• mund m (indefinite plural -, definite singular mundi) (Standard)
• mûn(d) m (indefinite plural -, definite singular mûn(d)i) (Gheg)

1. agony, toil, great effort
2. arduous and hard work (that pays off)
3. tribulation, cause of trouble or suffer

Derived terms

Related terms

• Muji

Etymology 2

Cognate to Arvanitic / Arbëresh Albanian múndënj and Gheg Albanian mûj. Lost [nd]-cluster among majority Gheg dialects (due to nasal vowels), while the [d]-sound in Tosk participle mundur shifted to a [t] in Gheg mûjt.Either from Proto-Indo-European *meHnd?- (“to pay attention, wisdom”) or Proto-Indo-European *mag?- (“can, to be able (to do)”). Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *men(s)-d?(e)h? (“to learn”).

• According to Gustav Meyer a cognate to Old High German muntar (“awake, alert, fresh”) and Lithuanian mundrùs (“cheerful, merry”) as cognates. Norbert Jokel agreed with Meyer and added cognated Lithuanian mandrùs (“high spirited”) and Proto-Slavic *m?dr? (“wise”). Going back to Proto-Indo-European *meHnd?- (“to pay attention, wisdom”). From the same P-I-E-root:

  ? Proto-Germanic *mund?n?, *mundraz (? Old High German muntar (“awake, alter, fresh”))

  ? Ancient Greek ??????? (manthán?, “to learn”) (? reflecting on alb. noun mund (“agony, hard work, etc.”). See etymology 1 above).

• According to Eqrem Çabej and Bardhyl Demiraj either a cognate to Greek ????? (mógos, “trouble, distress”) (cf. albanian noun Albanian mund (“agony, hard work, trouble”)) or a cognate to Old High German magan (“to be able”). From Proto-Albanian *m?K(e)nT-, from Proto-Indo-European *mag?- (“can, to be able (to do)”). From the same P-I-E-root derived:

  ? Proto-Slavic *mo?? (? Old Church Slavonic ????? (mošti, “to be able”))

  ? Proto-Germanic *mahtiz, *mahtuz, *magin? (? Gothic ???????????????????? (magan, “to be able, have power”), Old High German magan, English may). Cf. english maybe, german möglich (“possibly”) with Albanian mundësi (“possibility”) and active mund switching its meaning from “can” to passive “could, try, maybe” (mundem).

• Eric P. Hamp suggested to Lithuanian išmintìs (“to be able”) (cf. also Lithuanian išm?ginti (“try”) and išmintìs (“wisdom”)).
• Vladimir Orel derived it from Proto-Albanian *manda. Cognate to Lithuanian mudà (“possibility”), Lithuanian mudúoti (“to try, attempt”) and Sanskrit módate (“to rejoice, be merry”). Cf. meaning of Albanian mundësi (“possibility”), mundim (“trying”) and mundoj (“I try”) with the Baltic cognates.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /m?nd/

Verb 1

• (active) mund (first-person singular past tense munda, participle mundur)
• (active) mûj (first-person singular past tense mûjta, participle mûjt(un)) (Gheg)

1. (active, intransitive) I can, I am able; I have the opportunity, power or ability
2. (active) I beat, I win over, I conquer
3. (active) (grammatical particle used for conjunctive forms + të)

4. (active, 3rd person) could be possible; possibly, maybe, perhaps (used as a semi-auxiliary verb + të)
5. (active, 3rd person, negatory) unable/impossible + to (in combination with negatory s, s', nuk (but not with mos) + të (“to”))

• (passive) múndem (first-person singular past tense u munda, participle mundur)
• (passive) mûjhna (first-person singular past tense u mûjta, participle mûjt(un)) (Gheg)

1. (passive, reflexive) I can no longer, I can't; I am not able, impossible for me
2. (passive) maybe, perhaps, it could, so it be (as a particle)

   Synonyms: mbase, ndoshta, vaki

Verb 2

• (active) mund (first-person singular past tense munda, participle mundur)
• (active) mûj (first-person singular past tense u mûjta, participle mûjt(un)) (Gheg)

1. (active, transitive) I defeat, beat (someone); I emerge victorious (in a match, battle)
2. (active) I survive, get over, beat (a fear, illness, disease)
3. (active, figuratively, 3rd person) (+ short pronoun forms) put down, take away/over (force, power, ability, etc.)

• (passive) múndem (first-person singular past tense u munda, participle mundur)
• (passive) mûjhna (first-person singular past tense u mûjta, participle mûjt(un)) (Gheg)

1. (passive, reflexive) wrestle, fight or encounter with someone

   Synonyms: luftoj, rrok, kap

2. (passive) I try to get over (it) (ache, pain, heartbreak, grief, hard work, etc.)

   Synonyms: mundoj, provoj

Conjugation

Derived terms

Further reading

• [6] noun mund (definite/sg. form mundi) • Fjalor Shqip (Albanian Dictionary)
• Oda Buchholz, Wilfried Fiedler, Gerda Uhlisch (2000) Langenscheidt Handwörterbuch Albanisch, Langenscheidt Verlag, ?ISBN, page 335 (noun mund / verb mund (14))

References

Danish

Etymology

From Old Norse muðr, munnr, from Proto-Germanic *munþaz, cognate with English mouth, German Mund.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /mon?/, [?m?n?]

Noun

mund c (singular definite munden, plural indefinite munde)

1. mouth (the opening of an animal through which food is ingested)

Inflection

Derived terms

See also

• mund on the Danish Wikipedia.Wikipedia ^da

Verb

mund

1. imperative of munde

Icelandic

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /m?nt/
• Rhymes: -?nt

Etymology 1

From Old Norse mund, from Proto-Germanic *mund?.

Noun

mund f (genitive singular mundar, nominative plural mundir)

1. (poetic) hand

Declension

Synonyms

• (hand): hönd

Derived terms

• morgunstund gefur gull í mund (“the early bird catches the worm”)

Etymology 2

Related to Old Norse munda (“to aim, to strive”), Old High German muntar (“keen, eager”), from Proto-Germanic *mundraz (“alert”).

Noun

mund f (genitive singular mundar, nominative plural mundir) or mund n (genitive singular munds, nominative plural mund)

1. Used only in set phrases.

Declension

or

Derived terms

• í sömu mund/í sama mund (“at the same time”)
• um þær mundir (“in those days, around that time”)

Related terms

• mundur

Middle English

Alternative forms

• munde, mounde, mound

Etymology

From Old English mund, from Proto-Germanic *mund?.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /mu?nd/, /mund/

Noun

mund (plural moundes or munden)

1. Might, ability, or skill.
2. Magnitude, greatness, utility, or usefulness.
3. (rare) Protection, guarding, defence
4. (rare) A hand, especially as a measurement.
5. (rare) A band of warriors or fighters.

Descendants

• English: mound, mund
• Scots: moond

References

• “m?und(e, n.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-06-20.

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

From Old Norse muðr, munnr, from Proto-Germanic *munþaz.

Noun

mund

1. mouth

Inflection

Old English

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *mund?.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /mund/

Noun

mund f (nominative plural munda or munde)

1. (poetic) hand
2. trust, security. protection
3. protector, guardian

Declension

Derived terms

• mundbyrd
• mundgripe

Descendants

• Middle English: mund
  • English: mound, mund

Old French

Etymology

From Latin mundus.

Noun

mund m (oblique plural munz or muntz, nominative singular munz or muntz, nominative plural mund)

1. the world

Old High German

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *munþ.

Noun

mund m

1. (anatomy) mouth

Declension

Old Norse

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *mund? (“hand”).Further cognates see there.

Noun

mund f

1. hand

Descendants

• Icelandic: mund
• Old Swedish: mund

References

• mund in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press

Romansch

Alternative forms

• (Surmiran) mond
• (Puter, Vallader) muond

Etymology

From Latin mundus.

Noun

mund m (plural munds)

1. (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Sutsilvan) world

English

Alternative forms

• vnd (alternative typography) [16^th C.]

Etymology

From Middle English unde (“a wave”), from either the Old French unde or Latin unda (“wave”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /?nd/
• Rhymes: -?nd

Noun

und (plural unds)

1. (obsolete, rare) A wave.
2. (heraldry) A billow- or wave-like marking.

Related terms

References

• OED (2nd ed., 1989), “†und”

Anagrams

• DNU, Dun, dun

Estonian

Noun

und

1. partitive singular of uni

German

Alternative forms

• unt, vnd, vnnd, unnd (obsolete)

Etymology

From Middle High German unde, from Old High German unti, from Proto-Germanic *andi *anþi, from Proto-Indo-European *h?énti. Compare Dutch en, English and, Danish end.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /?nt/ (standard)
• IPA^(key): /?n/ (colloquially among many speakers)

Conjunction

und

1. (co-ordinating) and
   • 1904, Rudolf Eisler, Wörterbuch der philosophischen Begriffe, Berlin, volume 1, sub verbo Ich, page 446-457:

     "Das »Ich = Ich« ist die ursprünglichste Erkenntnis, die Urquelle alles Denkens [..], es bedeutet »erstens die rein logische Identität von Subject und Object im Acte des reinen Selbstbewußtseins, zweitens die reale metaphysische Identität des setzenden absoluten Ich und des gesetzten begrenzten Ich, und drittens die zeitliche Identität des Ich in zwei rasch aufeinander folgenden Zeitpunkten« [...]."

2. (colloquial) links two nouns, often a person and an activity, in rhetoric questions to express an opposition between them

Usage notes

As seen in the second example, commas are never used before und in enumerations, even where English punctuation requires this. However, commas are used before und in certain complex sentence constructions.

Interjection

und

1. so?, now?, and?

Further reading

• “und” in Duden online
• “und” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
• Friedrich Kluge (1883) , “und”, in John Francis Davis, transl., Etymological Dictionary of the German Language, published 1891

Gothic

Romanization

und

1. Romanization of ????????????

Hungarian

Alternative forms

• unjad

Etymology

un +? -d

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [?und]
• Hyphenation: und
• Rhymes: -und
• Homophone: Und

Verb

und

1. second-person singular subjunctive present definite of un

Icelandic

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /?nt/

  Rhymes: -?nt

Etymology 1

From Old Norse und, from Proto-Germanic *wund?.

Noun

und f (genitive singular undar, nominative plural undir)

1. (poetic) wound

Declension

Synonyms

• (wound): sár

Etymology 2

Apocopated form of undir.

Preposition

und

1. (poetic) under

Old Norse

Etymology 1

Shortened form of undir

Preposition

und

1. under

Derived terms

• unz

Etymology 2

From Proto-Germanic *wund? (“wound”).

Noun

und f (genitive undar, plural undir)

1. (poetic) wound

Declension

Related terms

• unda (“to wound”) (undaðr (“wounded”))

Descendants

• Icelandic: und
• Old Swedish: und
• Danish: vunde (influenced by Low German)

References

• und in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press

Old Saxon

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /und/

Preposition

und (with accusative)

1. until

Conjunction

und

1. until