different between aggravate vs gall

English

Etymology

From Latin aggravatus, past participle of aggravare (“to add to the weight of, make worse, oppress, annoy”), from ad (“to”) + gravare (“to make heavy”), from gravis (“heavy”). See grave and compare aggrieve and aggrege.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /?æ?.??.ve??t/

Verb

aggravate (third-person singular simple present aggravates, present participle aggravating, simple past and past participle aggravated)

1. To make (an offence) worse or more severe; to increase in offensiveness or heinousness. [from 16th c.]
   • 1709 Joseph Addison, The Tatler

     The defense made by the prisoner's counsel did rather aggravate than extenuate his crime.

2. (by extension) To make worse; to exacerbate. [from 16th c.]
   • 1837, William H. Prescott, History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic

     […] to aggravate the horrors of the scene

3. (now rare) To give extra weight or intensity to; to exaggerate, to magnify. [from 16th c.]

4. (obsolete) To pile or heap (something heavy or onerous) on or upon someone. [16th–18th c.]
   • 1790, Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, Oxford 2009, p. 28:

     In order to lighten the crown still further, they aggravated responsibility on ministers of state.

5. (now chiefly colloquial) To exasperate; to provoke or irritate. [from 16th c.]
   • 1748, Samuel Richardson, Clarissa:

     If both were to aggravate her parents, as my brother and sister do mine.

   • 1977, Alistair Horne, A Savage War of Peace, New York Review Books 2006, p. 85:

     Ben Bella was aggravated by having to express himself in French because the Egyptians were unable to understand his Arabic.

Usage notes

Although the meaning "to exasperate, to annoy" has been in continuous usage since the 16th century, a large number of usage mavens have contested it since the 1870s. Opinions have swayed from this proscription since 1965, but it still garners disapproval in Garner's Modern American Usage (2009), at least for formal writing.

Synonyms

• (to make worse): heighten, intensify, increase, magnify, exaggerate, exacerbate
• (to exasperate): provoke, irritate, exasperate
• See also Thesaurus:annoy

Antonyms

• (to make worse): alleviate, mitigate

Related terms

• aggravation

Translations

Further reading

• aggravate in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913.
• aggravate in The Century Dictionary, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911.

Italian

Verb

aggravate

1. second-person plural present indicative of aggravare
2. second-person plural imperative of aggravare
3. feminine plural of aggravato

Latin

Verb

aggrav?te

1. second-person plural present active imperative of aggrav?

English

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /???l/
• (cot-caught merger) IPA^(key): /??l/
• Rhymes: -??l
• Homophone: Gaul

Etymology 1

From Middle English galle, from Old English galla, ?ealla, from Proto-Germanic *gall?. Related to Dutch gal, German Galle, Swedish galle, galla, Ancient Greek ???? (khol?). Also remotely related with yellow.

Noun

gall (countable and uncountable, plural galls)

1. (anatomy, obsolete, uncountable) Bile, especially that of an animal; the greenish, profoundly bitter-tasting fluid found in bile ducts and gall bladders, structures associated with the liver.
2. (anatomy) The gall bladder.

   • He shall flee from the iron weapon and the bow of steel shall strike him through. It is drawn and cometh out of the body; yea, the glittering sword cometh out of his gall.

3. (uncountable, obsolete) Great misery or physical suffering, likened to the bitterest-tasting of substances.

   • Lest there should be among you man, or woman, or family, or tribe, whose heart turneth away this day from the LORD our God, to go and serve the gods of these nations; lest there should be among you a root that beareth gall and wormwood;

   • 1683, John Dryden, The Art of Poetry

     The stage its ancient fury thus let fall, / And comedy diverted without gall.

   • 1847, Emily Brontë, Wuthering Heights, chapter XIV:

     {...} I hated him with a hatred that turned my life to gall {...}

4. (uncountable) A feeling of exasperation.
   • 1792, Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, Chapter V

     It moves my gall to hear a preacher descanting on dress and needle-work; and still more, to hear him address the British fair, the fairest of the fair, as if they had only feelings.

5. (uncountable) Impudence or brazenness; temerity, chutzpah.
   • 1917, Edgar Rice Burroughs, The Oakdale Affair, Chapter 6

     “Durn ye!” he cried. “I’ll lam ye! Get offen here. I knows ye. Yer one o’ that gang o’ bums that come here last night, an’ now you got the gall to come back beggin’ for food, eh? I’ll lam ye!” and he raised the gun to his shoulder.

6. (medicine, obsolete, countable) A sore or open wound caused by chafing, which may become infected, as with a blister.
   • 1892, Walt Whitman, “Song of Myself”, Leaves of Grass

     And remember perfectly well his revolving eyes and his awkwardness, / And remember putting plasters on the galls of his neck and ankles;

7. (countable) A sore on a horse caused by an ill-fitted or ill-adjusted saddle; a saddle sore.
   • 1989 National Ag Safety Database (Centers for Disease Control)

     Riding a horse with bruised or broken skin can cause a gall, which frequently results in the white saddle marks seen on the withers and backs of some horses.

8. (countable) A pit on a surface being cut caused by the friction between the two surfaces exceeding the bond of the material at a point.

Derived terms

• gallbladder
• gallstone

Translations

Verb

gall (third-person singular simple present galls, present participle galling, simple past and past participle galled)

1. (transitive) To bother or trouble.
2. To harass, to harry, often with the intent to cause injury.
   • June 24, 1778, George Washington, The Writings of George Washington From the Original Manuscript Sources: Volume 12, 1745–1799

     The disposition for these detachments is as follows – Morgans corps, to gain the enemy’s right flank; Maxwells brigade to hang on their left. Brigadier Genl. Scott is now marching with a very respectable detachment destined to gall the enemys left flank and rear.

3. To chafe, to rub or subject to friction; to create a sore on the skin.

   • …he went awkwardly in these clothes at first: wearing the drawers was very awkward to him, and the sleeves of the waistcoat galled his shoulders and the inside of his arms; but a little easing them where he complained they hurt him, and using himself to them, he took to them at length very well.

4. To exasperate.
   • 1979, Mark Bowden, “Captivity Pageant”, The Atlantic, Volume 296, No. 5, pp. 92-97, December, 1979

     Metrinko was hungry, but he was galled by how self-congratulatory his captors seemed, how generous and noble and proudly Islamic.

5. To cause pitting on a surface being cut from the friction between the two surfaces exceeding the bond of the material at a point.

6. To scoff; to jeer.

Translations

Etymology 2

Borrowed from French galle, from Latin galla (“oak-apple”).

Noun

gall (plural galls)

1. (countable, phytopathology) A blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants, caused by burrowing of insect larvae into the living tissues, especially that of the common oak gall wasp Cynips quercusfolii.
   • 1974, Philip P. Wiener (ed.), Dictionary of the History of Ideas

     Even so, Redi retained a belief that in certain other cases—the origin of parasites inside the human or animal body or of grubs inside of oak galls—there must be spontaneous generation. Bit by bit the evidence grew against such views. In 1670 Jan Swammerdam, painstaking student of the insect’s life cycle, suggested that the grubs in galls were enclosed in them for the sake of nourishment and must come from insects that had inserted their semen or their eggs into the plants.

2. (Can we clean up⁽⁺⁾ this sense?) (countable) A bump-like imperfection resembling a gall.
   • 1653, Izaak Walton, The Compleat Angler, Chapter 21

     But first for your Line. First note, that you are to take care that your hair be round and clear, and free from galls, or scabs, or frets: for a well- chosen, even, clear, round hair, of a kind of glass-colour, will prove as strong as three uneven scabby hairs that are ill-chosen, and full of galls or unevenness. You shall seldom find a black hair but it is round, but many white are flat and uneven; therefore, if you get a lock of right, round, clear, glass-colour hair, make much of it.

Synonyms

• nutgall

Derived terms

Translations

Verb

gall (third-person singular simple present galls, present participle galling, simple past and past participle galled)

1. To impregnate with a decoction of gallnuts in dyeing.

   (Can we find and add a quotation of Ure to this entry?)

See also

Gall (disambiguation) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

Catalan

Etymology

From Old Occitan [Term?] (compare Occitan gal), from Latin gallus (compare Spanish gallo, Portuguese galo).

Pronunciation

• (Balearic, Central, Valencian) IPA^(key): /??a?/
• Rhymes: -a?

Noun

gall m (plural galls)

1. rooster, cock

Derived terms

See also

• gallina

Further reading

• “gall” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.

Hungarian

Pronunciation

• Hyphenation: gall
• Rhymes: -?l?

Adjective

gall (not comparable)

1. Gallic (of or pertaining to Gaul, its people or language)

Declension

Noun

gall (countable and uncountable, plural gallok)

1. Gaul (person)
2. Gaul (language)

Declension

Related terms

• Gallia

Further reading

• gall in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh: A magyar nyelv értelmez? szótára (’The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: ?ISBN

Icelandic

Verb

gall (strong)

1. first-person singular past indicative of gjalla
2. third-person singular past indicative of gjalla

Irish

Pronunciation

• (Cois Fharraige) IPA^(key): /???l??/

Etymology 1

From Old Irish gall (“foreigner”), from Latin Gallus (“a Gaul”). Related to Scottish Gaelic Gall (“foreigner”).

Noun

gall m (genitive singular gaill, nominative plural gaill)

1. foreigner
2. (derogatory) Anglified Irish person

Derived terms

• camán gall (“chervil”)

Related terms

• Gall

Etymology 2

Noun

gall m (genitive singular gaill, nominative plural gaill)

1. Alternative form of gallán

Declension

Mutation

Further reading

• "gall" in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, An Gúm, 1977, by Niall Ó Dónaill.
• Entries containing “gall” in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm, 1959, by Tomás de Bhaldraithe.
• Entries containing “gall” in New English-Irish Dictionary by Foras na Gaeilge.

Scottish Gaelic

Noun

gall m (genitive singular goill, plural goill)

1. Alternative letter-case form of Gall

Welsh

Alternative forms

• geill (literary, third-person singular present/future)

Pronunciation

• (North Wales) IPA^(key): /?a?/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /?a??/, /?a?/

Verb

gall

1. third-person singular present/future of gallu
2. (literary, rare) second-person singular imperative of gallu

Mutation

References